Wednesday, July 31, 2019

About The Groningen Holland Netherlands Architecture Essay

The United States has a really diverse civilization. The lone people that can truly state they are from here, are people that can follow their lineage back to the Native Americans that were here long before the first colonists came to the new universe. Everyone in the United States can follow their lineage back to states all over the universe. Over the last few hundred old ages these civilizations have blended together to go what is now thought of as U.S. civilization. During this assignment I found that my ascendants are from Groningen, Holland or the Netherlands. â€Å" Groningen is the capital metropolis of the state of Groningen in the Netherlands † . The metropolis is the largest metropolis in the North of the Netherlands. In 1594 the metropolis joined the Spanish in the Eighty Years ‘ War, or the Dutch war of Independence, but subsequently switched sides to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, besides known as the Dutch Republic. Groningen is home to the 2nd oldest university in the Netherlands. Groningen University was founded in 1614. In April of 1945, much of the metropolis was destroyed during World War II. The conflict lasted several yearss and came to be known as the Battle of Groningen. ( Wikipedia ) Recently the Swarthout household celebrated its 350th day of remembrance of its reaching in America. If your family name is Swartwout, Swarthout, Swartout, or Swartwood, you are likely descended from one Tomys Swartwout ( 1607-62 ) who brought his household to New Netherland in 1652. Tomys and his two brothers were born in Groningen, Holland. The three brothers were engaged in the baccy concern in Amsterdam in 1629, importing their merchandise from Virginia and New Netherland, the island of Manhattan, but merely Tomys settled in the New World, the other two staying in Amsterdam. During this period traveling your household all the manner to the New World was a great hazard. The household asked Tomys to travel to assist their concern as times were turning tough. Reluctantly, Tomys came to the New World with his household in hope of assisting his households baccy concern. Today in the Netherlands, the largest subsistence scheme used is industrialism. â€Å" The economic system, which is based on free endeavor, is extremely industrialised and efficient † . Petroleum refinement, machinery, chemicals, and building are merely a few of the taking industries. Agribusiness and gardening are two other important subsistence schemes. â€Å" The Netherlands exports nutrient and big Numberss of cut flowers and bulbs † . More than half of the universes flower exports are grown in the Netherlands. Although agribusiness and gardening employ less than five per centum of the labour force, these activities are important in bring forthing meats, cheeses, and other dairy merchandises that are sold to other states. Information engineering is another subsistence scheme that ca n't be ignored in the Netherlands. Recently a strong economic base has been developed around calculating, telecommunications, and biotechnology. This besides includes touristry and bank ing ( CultureGrams ) . With industrialism being the Netherlands strongest subsistence, many different engineerings are relied upon. Factories for fabrication, and all different types of machinery are used for treating natural stuffs and chemicals, such as crude oil. Technologies used for agribusiness include tractors, ploughs, combines, and many other specialised machines. None of these subsistence schemes would work without transit and communicating. The Netherlands has one of the best transit systems in Europe. â€Å" An efficient web of trains connects major and minor metropoliss † . Although most people own personal vehicles, the states six million autos makes traffic a serious job. Buss, trams, and subway systems are besides utilized in the part ( CultureGrams ) . Division of labour is seen in all subsistence schemes. The division of labour is really much skewed towards gender. â€Å" Women constitute merely 38 per centum of the labour force and frequently merely work portion clip † . One chief ground for this is the late entry of adult females into the work force because of the German business during World War II. Until late adult females needed their hubbies ‘ permission to come in into employments contracts. Within the atomic household, adult females are still seen to play the function of housewife, while the adult male is seen as the supplier and chief beginning of income ( Cultures ) . â€Å" The Netherlands is a unitary province governed by a cardinal organic structure. The political system is a parliamentary democracy every bit good as a constitutional monarchy. The queen has little political influence ; her function is mostly symbolic. Political power lies in the custodies of a cabinet of curates headed by a premier curate. The cabinet is accountable to the parliament, whose members are elected at four-year intervals. The Dutch Parliament consists of the First Chamber and the Second Chamber, which together constitute the legislative organic structure. The 2nd Chamber initiates new statute law. Its members are straight elected by the people. The legal age to vote is 18. The members of the Second Chamber are elected by relative representation, which leads to a great figure of political parties that together vie for 150 seats. The first Chamber either ratifies or rejects the new statute law proposed by the Second Chamber. Its members are elected by the members of the Pro-vinciale Staten. Each of the 12 provinces has a local regulating board ( Provinciale Staten ) whose chair is the commissioner to the queen, World Health Organization is appointed by the authorities for a life term. Its members are elected by the dwellers of the state. Commissioners and city managers are handpicked by the authorities for life footings † ( Culture ) . â€Å" The Dutch pride themselves on holding an advanced free market economic system that runs swimmingly † . In 1999, the labour force consisted of 7,097,000 individuals ; the unemployed numbered 292,000. The one-year gross national merchandise ( GNP ) amounted to 323 billion euros ( $ 373 billion ) in 1997. Two per centum of the Dutch population is employed in the extremely mechanised agricultural sector, 24 per centum are employed in the industrial sector, and 74 per centum work in the service industries. The Netherlands chief trading spouse is Germany. There are five classs that Dutch exports cab be divided into: agricultural merchandises, 15 per centum ; natural or enriched fuels, 6 per centum ; chemical merchandises, 17 per centum ; industrial merchandises, 12 per centum ; and machinery, 24 per centum † . Two-thirdss of Dutch exports go to five states: Germany, Belgium, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Those five merchandising spouses account for 61 per centum of Dutch imports ( Cultures ) . Catholics make up the largest fold in the Netherlands at approximately 30 per centum of the population. Reformed Protestants make up approximately 14 per centum followed by Dutch reformed at 7 per centum. The Muslim faith merely makes up approximately 4 per centum of the population. 40 per centum of the population are non spiritual or connected to a denomination. Small rural communities in the Dutch Bible Belt, which runs along the towns of Zierikzee, Dordrecht, Utrecht, Zwolle, and Assen, still have faith playing a major function in the ordination of people ‘s societal and cultural lives ( Culture ) . Traditionally, the northern and eastern parts of the state have been Protestant, while the South has been Catholic. The royal household belongs to the Dutch Reformed Church ( World Mark ) . Dutch people are free to take their partners and do so to the highest degree frequently out of love. The Dutch people do pattern endogamy though frequently get marrieding within the restraints of category, ethnicity, and faith. Monogamy is the lone signifier of matrimony allowed. â€Å" Same-sex twosomes can get married and hold the same rights as heterosexual twosomes † . The most common family unit is the atomic household. This consists of the male parent, female parent, and kids. It is a turning tendency to hold single-parent households, twosomes without kids, and single-person families. Extended household families are rare. The Dutch make a strong differentiation between relations by matrimony and relations by blood. â€Å" Consanquineal relations are considered more of import than are affine relations † . Financial and emotional support are normally directed to the closest family ( parents, kids, and siblings ) ( Culture ) . Soccer is the most popular athletics in the Netherlands. In 1988 the Dutch won the European association football title. Tennis, field hockey, swimming, seafaring, ice-skating, volleyball, badminton, and other athleticss are besides enjoyed. In old ages when the ice is thick, a day-long ice-skating race takes topographic point. The path encompasses Friesland ‘s 11 chief towns, many lakes, and parts of the sea. Equally many as 80,000 people participate ( CultureGrams ) . Dutch nutrient is wholesome and merely prepared. Seafood is widely eaten, particularly herring, which are traditionally lifted by the tail and dropped caput foremost into one ‘s overturned oral cavity. The Dutch breakfast is by and large a cold repast of chopped staff of life, meat, and cheese. In mundane life, the Dutch wear typical modern Western-style vesture for both formal and insouciant occasions. Traditional costumes including the wooden places can still be seen today near tourer attractive forces. D utch mythology is strongly linked to the sea and characters associated with it, such as mermaids and plagiarists. Many popular Dutch narratives, conundrums, and rites were suppressed over clip but some survived as portion of the state ‘s Christian traditions. The Dutch Father Christmas ( named, like the American Santa Clause, for Saint Nicholas ) is called Sinterklaas and has a dark-faced helper called Black Peter who is said to transport disobedient kids to Spain in a poke. â€Å" Many of the rites of transition that immature people undergo are spiritual rites, such as baptism, first Communion, verification, and matrimony † ( World Mark ) .

My Personal Philosophy Essay

Every human is bestowed upon themselves the right to live how so ever they choose to live. As humans in a society, we live to better ourselves and our future generations. Everyone has a goal that they want to live up to. Achieving this goal is considered success. I believe though that success isn’t achieving goals, instead, success is living with an active soul. Emerson, in his speech to Phi Beta Kappa says -â€Å"The one thing, in the world, of value is an active soul. † Emerson infers that success doesn’t come from reading books, but from becoming active. The imaginative genius, Albert Einstein, says in his famous quote that he isn’t a genius. Rather he is a human with an active curiosity. Curiosity is a gift of the soul. Curiosity is the soul saying that it wants to learn how to express itself even more. 2009 Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Barack Obama, tells the world that it isn’t he who has won the prize. He says that all Americans out in the world, who better their society by being actively involved, are the true winners of the prize. A common attribute that all these peoples include contributing to their own success is activeness, activeness through their soul. All these people are people who not only changed their society, but changed the world. There are many more who are of as equal value in their contributions to individuals of the planet. All these people are people who do not simply live life with a pattern. They are not people who no longer care as to pay the slightest attention to their heart’s desire. These people are people who live life actively. Actively through their soul and hence they are success. Not only a success to themselves, but to the society around them. Their success is praised, but the honor should go to their souls which took on the challenge of remaining dormant or becoming active.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Case 6.6 Essay

Charles Tollison, Audit Manager 1. I strongly believe that Charles Tollison is qualified for a partnership position as he puts in long hours worked year-round and solves the most difficult accounting/auditing issues. He is considered the â€Å"technician† of the company because of his abilities of micromanaging his jobs and being involved in every aspect of them. It shows that he cares for the company; but he needs to invest more time in getting more clients, contracts for the organization, rather than spending all of his time solving accounting/audit issues. These are matters that someone else can handle in order for him to qualify as a partner. 2. I strongly believe that the firm did not treat him fairly. They know very well that he is a hard worker that devotes most of his time with the company and has promised him year to year that he will get promoted. Instead, they are promoting his fellow audit manager, Craig Allan because of all the connections and the new clients he brought to the firm. They can suggest Charles Tollison to shift some of his time from the audit/accounting work and try to bring in new contracts, as that is one of the major qualifications of a partner. 3. As a large international accounting, the criteria used when evaluating individuals for promotion to a partner is to place emphasis on the individual’s behavior, personal expectations, aggressiveness, and individual achievement. Job success with international firms is primarily dependent upon the individual’s technical competence, advancement does not occur without the development of management skills. In order to be considered a partner you need to learn more sophisticated management skills such as communicating, organizing, motivating, and directing the efforts of larger and more numerous teams of staff and senior accountants. By the time a person is considered for partner, his or her primary responsibilities, in order of importance, are that of client development, staff supervision, and, finally, technical accounting activities. Thus, while technical ability is the most important skill needed at the start of a career, it is not the most important skill needed to be come a partner of a large international accounting firm. Smaller accounting firms establish different criteria for evaluation individuals for promotion to partner as is an informal process and typically based on a person’s technical competence. Promotion is somewhat limited within small accounting firms. 4. Some accounting firms manage their staffs according to an â€Å"up or out† policy governing both promotions and staff retention. The advantages of this type of management is that only those people with the potential to become partners is equivalent to retaining those with the greatest intelligence and skills, meaning a stronger and more productive work force in the firm than would exist if people with lower potential were retained, no matter how valuable they otherwise might be. Moreover, it can seem more honest and straightforward than the tendency of many employers to retain staff by giving them false indications of their future prospects for promotion. Disadvantages are the high turnover work environment of an â€Å"up or out† policy. It is one device to keep all employees constantly on their toes and exerting themselves at full speed, at times with extensive work weeks as an ongoing proposition.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Two One page orders for a discussion post - not a paper just to be Essay

Two One page orders for a discussion post - not a paper just to be done as a discussion board post - Essay Example have postulated theories of teaching methodologies that would influence the learning processes of the children. While Rousseau promoted the learning through interaction with the nature and experience, Pestalozzi asserted that children need activity based education so that they can come to their own conclusion, thus encouraging independent thoughts. Froebel, on the other hand, says that early education of children should take place in the home environment through educational games and object reality. Montessori’s educational process is the most popular teaching methodology that emphasizes learning ‘first the education of the senses, then the education of the intellect’ (Montessori, 1912). Indeed, the play-way methodology of Montessori education is the most widely acclaimed way of teaching young children the fundamental principles of interaction with living and non living organisms. Hence, Montessori education prepares young children to become responsible adults through application of knowledge gained through experience in their daily life. Education for all is the most relevant issue in the social fabric of society across the world. While it may be possible in under-developed countries and developing nations where there is rampant poverty, developed nations have progressed in the area by leaps and bound. The concept of ‘public school’ is most popular amongst the elite class that thrives on the class difference. It has especially become quite controversial in the contemporary times, when rapid globalization has brought in pluralistic society, comprising of people coming from different culture, race, color and nationality. Consequently, the academia across the world, especially the educational curriculum needs to undergo far-reaching transformation so that our children can effectively meet the needs of the changing times. Education serves as the most effective platform to introduce changes within the social fabric of

Sunday, July 28, 2019

The Relationship between the Consumers Need for Uniqueness and Essay

The Relationship between the Consumers Need for Uniqueness and Purchase Perception of Fast Fashion Co-Brands - Essay Example The paper tells that co-branding in fashion is the pairing of two of more branded products forming a separate and unique product. It facilitates parent brands to access to a broader consumer base as well as to form a new relationship with the clients. Fast fashion co-brands serve as a constructed idea and lifestyle which the consumers not only desire but also identify. People with a high need for uniqueness fell comfortable when they are different from others, as a result, engage mostly in changes towards dissimilarity related to others. They either counter to conform to creative choices, avoid similarity or like the unpopular. This is dependent upon consumers’ subjective judgment, quality and consumers need for the uniqueness of a product or service. Hypothesis developed to explain purchase perception include hypothesis 2; consumers having a higher need for uniqueness in fast fashion have higher favourable purchase perception of fast fashion co-brand, hypothesis 3; consumers having higher need for uniqueness on designer fashion brand have higher favourable purchase perception of fast fashion co-brands, hypothesis 4; consumers having higher need for uniqueness on fast fashion co-brand have higher favourable purchase perception of fast fashion co-brand. Empirical research methodology in form of survey questionnaires was used. A pilot survey was carried out to ensure that the survey questions and research instruments operate well. The authors also employed convenient sampling approach using a random survey procedure, week through. Need for the luxury design was higher than the need for uniqueness in fast fashion brands. Need for fast fashion came in between. Respondents’ need for uniqueness in first fashion co-brands had the largest impact on their purchase perception on fast fashion co-brands, followed by fast fashion brands and lastly, the need for uniqueness in luxury designer brands. Since fast fashion brands are easily and affordably possessed and are of comparatively low quality, consumers might feel they are less unique. Luxury designer fashion brands scored highest.

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Portrait of a Women with a Man at a Casement by Fra Filippo Lippi Research Paper

Portrait of a Women with a Man at a Casement by Fra Filippo Lippi - Research Paper Example Also the couple shown is believed to be Ranieri Scolari and Angiola di Bernardo Sapiti. The portrait was painted in 1440 and the couple is recorded to have been married in 1936; therefore the interpretation that the portrait is a commemoration of a wedding is plausible. Barnet asserts that in the formal analysis of portraits, one needs to consider how do the background, the angle of the tilt of the head, the furnishings etc help to develop the overall impression of the figure (2008). When scrutinizing this portrait, one can appreciate that the bride is laden with lavish clothes and jewelry typical of a newly-wedded woman. The laws of Florence required that a woman, unless she was the wife of a foreigner, knight or a doctor, would only wear expensive dresses for a limited period of time (The City Review 2009); therefore a special occasion is shown in the portrait. The overdress has fur lining its edges whereas the underdress has loops of gold embedded in the sleeves. The headdress, se lla, has pearls embellished into it and are also present throughout her dress. The pattern in which they are embedded makes the word lealta, meaning loyalty. The couple glances in an expressionless way although the gazes do not interlock (The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2011). Another interpretation of the portrait is that it may represent the birth of a child.

Friday, July 26, 2019

Aritzia Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aritzia - Statistics Project Example Spring and autumn prove to a host the country’s best weather. However, the geography of England means that the weather can change in short distances (Woodlands, 2014). The surrounding sea gives England a varied climate but generally there are warm summers but they are cooler than those on the continent. The winters are also milder and do not go below 0 degree centigrade frequently. The summer temperature is around 32 degrees and is often damp and subject to frequent changes. The warmest month in England is July and around the coastal area, February is normally the coldest month (Woodlands, 2014). These conditions can greatly affect the product range which should be present at Aritzia. This means that the range of jackets and sweaters must not be too heavy duty. Really warm fur or fleece lined jackets and sweaters would not be suitable for the generally mild winters. Warm woolen ranges should suffice for the winters in the United Kingdom. Their category of blouses, dresses, jeans, t-shirts and jumpsuits etc. should be extensive and not made of cloth that is too warm. Seeing the damp and summery conditions, their clothing line should include clothes made of material that breathes and is suitable for the mild hot and damn summers. To make full use of the brand equity of Aritzia and to successfully compete with the competition, it will be necessary to set up a local subsidiary in the United Kingdom. Aritzia is a Canadian women’s fashion boutique that was started in Vancouver in 1984. It has stores in North America including Seattle, San Francisco, Toronto, Chicago and New York (Aritzia, 2014). It is a brand endorsed by many celebrities including Megan Fox, Emma Stone and Eva Mendes (Fashion Base, 2014). Hence in order to make full use of this brand equity, it is necessary to have full brand presence in the country and not rely on joint ventures of sales agents which might

Judithand Tobit and the Protestant canon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judithand Tobit and the Protestant canon - Essay Example God could be described as someone that used magic to heal people especially when he sent the archangel Raphael to heal Tobit and drive the demon from Sarah with the gall, liver and the heart of the fish. The attitude of God towards morality is in question in the books of Judith and Tobit as Judith was not depicted as a woman that was full of morals as she tried to seduce Holofernes (Unger, 1951). The character of God is not consistent with his character in the Protestant canon as there are some inconsistencies in the way God was presented in the Protestant canon when compared with the books of Judith and Tobit. In the Protestant Canon, God does not absolve people of their sins by merely giving alms and being nice to their neighbors. It is divine repentance and grace that make God forgive people of their sins and after this, good works would follow and so is the character of God in the Protestant Canon. God teaches his people to strive to be moral in all their deeds as he loved women of virtue in the protestant canon (Horne, 1841). God does not like violence as the killing of the men of Shechem by Simeon and Levi was condemned by God and this is quite inconsistent with the murder of Holofernes that was carried out by Judith as this was judged as an act of God. God is not magical in the Protestant canon as he makes use of the word to deliver his people of demons and this quite different from what the character of God that was depicted in the book of Tobit when God instructed Angel Raphael to use some magical potions to drive the demon Asmodeous out. In using some sort of magical concoction by using the gall of the fish to heal Tobit’s blindness, God was presented more as a magician but he was presented more as the person that had the authority over all being, by just speaking the word in the Protestant canon (Bruce, 1950). There is however a similarity in the Protestants canon and the books of Tobit and Judith as God sends his angel to his people in their time

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Capital Budget Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capital Budget - Assignment Example The trucks will also ensure that we can handle all requests for garbage collection. It will eventually lead to a conducive, clean environment in River County. River County residents have echoed out their views of having better roads in the county. River County needs all weather roads constructed all over because of the varying weather condition experienced in the area. As of (Finkler, 2013, p. 32) good governance involves better infrastructure. I have budgeted $240,000 for the purchase of two bulldozers. The expected lifetime for the bulldozers is eight year. The bulldozers will make road and other construction projects in the next eight years simpler. A better the infrastructure will bring development in River County. The two bulldozers may also be used in the building of government projects in the County. River County houses three international stadiums. It is the county’s responsibility to keep the stadiums in excellent conditions. The government offices located in the area also require to be well maintaining. It is because of these factors that I included two lawn mowers in my budget. The two go for a combined total of $48,000. The expected lifetime of the lawnmowers is five years. $48000 will be the ideal spending if the two can service the county for five years. Properly maintained stadiums will encourage the sports sector in the county. If the sports sector is improved, a lot of people will turn up in the stadiums and pay for the service through the purchase of tickets. Properly maintained government compounds will keep the environment clean (Finkler, 2013, p. 32). A lot of the people living in River County are self-employed. The residents would love a centre set up that would offer the grounds for growing their businesses. Centralization of all the counties enterprises and activities would be a significant step towards the growth of the county. The business centre would also bring in some good relationship among the residents of

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

MKT3018 E-retailing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MKT3018 E-retailing - Assignment Example The number of users of eBay had increased considerably. In the year 2000, the total views of eBay sites were almost 120–130 m on a daily basis and the figure rose to 325 m per day in 2003 (Frost & Et. Al., 2003). Resource Capability of eBay From the inception of eBay, it had outsourced the administration and prerequisites of the core constituents of the technical capability, for example, bandwidth prerequisite, website hosting, and data axis hosting at the same time owing to the authentic server controlled in the hosting hubs. Technical Capability For a company to become more feasible in internet shopping the most important factor is the technical capability. It is important for a company to have strong technical capacity in order to survive in the business. The technical capability signifies adequate capability to serve web pages, stock listings, customer details and sales transaction procedures. These features play vital part for drawing fresh customers as well as maintainin g existing customers. With regard to eBay, its technical capability is made up of several modules which are bandwidth, inventory capability, and processing capability. These modules are administered independently in eBay. eBay has ‘system availability’ which works as a substitute for capacity, since it replicates the part of customer requirements that are supplied successfully by eBay. It is the crucial objective of eBay’s capability planning (Frost & Et. Al., 2003). Product Development Capability (PDC) Through Product Development Capability (PDC), eBay had made itself a strong competitor in the internet shopping segment. In the perspective of eBay, PDC is not only the improvement to the core site utility but also the accumulation of additional...Feasibility Of Developing Expanded Internet Shopping Capability Of eBay eBay is known as one of the leading international online marketplaces where people can shop almost anything. It provides a stage for trading products or services by various communities and businesses. eBay has the capability to provide expanded internet shopping (eBay Inc, 2011). eBay had started its operations in the year 1995. It had good capability in marketing and thus it successfully adjusted with the exceptional growth in the e–retailing industry. The number of users of eBay had increased considerably. In the year 2000, the total views of eBay sites were almost 120–130 m on a daily basis and the figure rose to 325 m per day in 2003 (Frost & Et. Al., 2003). Resource Capability of eBay From the inception of eBay, it had outsourced the administration and prerequisites of the core constituents of the technical capability, for example, bandwidth prerequisite, website hosting, and data axis hosting at the same time owing to the authentic server controlled in the hosting hubs. Technical Capability For a company to become more feasible in internet shopping the most important factor is the technical capability. It is important for a company to have strong technical capacity in order to survive in the business. The technical capability signifies adequate capability to serve web pages, stock listings, customer details and sales transaction procedures. These features play vital part for drawing fresh customers as well as maintaining existing customers. With regard to eBay, its technical capability is made up of several modules which are bandwidth, inventory capability, and processing capability. These modules are administered independently in eBay. eBay has ‘system availability’ which works as a substitute for capacity, since it replicates the part of customer requirements that are supplied successfully by eBay. It is the crucial objective of eBay’s capability planning (Frost & Et. Al., 2003). Product Development Capability (PDC) Through Product Development Capability (PDC), eBay had made itself a strong competitor in the internet shopping segment. In the perspective of eBay, PDC is not only the improvement to the core site utility but also the accumulation of additional services such as payment approval and dispensation, seller assessment and authorisation, expansion of new marketplace e.g. real estate industry and B2B apparatus transactions. In eBay, the PDC includes numerous interior and external resources i.e. practical skills needed to construct and organise pioneering software services that are employed by PDC procedure. The PDC procedure heavily depends on existing shoppers’ contribution to create and authenticate ideas for new services along with interior business expansion and feasible expansion of the brand & operational capabilities.

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Articles Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Articles Summary - Essay Example The chapter, however, argues that these traditional distinctions do not properly investigate international migration. Instead, the chapter indicates that international migration should be investigated comprehensively, involving the impact that the migratory patterns have on both the host country and the country the person came from. The chapter then goes on to examine economic theories of migration. The first theory examined is the neoclassical theory. The text argues that neoclassical theory positions migration as occurring because of push and pull factors. Namely, economic conditions push some people out of their regional areas and pull them to different geographical areas. A notable aspect of this theory is that it assumes that people maximize all available opportunities presented to them. One considers that this may be an overly idealistic portrayal of the motivation behind international migration movements. Another theory examined is dual labor market theory. This theory expands some of the neoclassical elements by including the importance of race and gender in motivating migration. The third approach is the new economics of labor migration model. This perspective argues that rather than rooting migration behavior in a single individual, migration must be examined in terms of larger social units; specifica lly, these social units involve families, households, and communities. These varying theories of migration are recognized as significant because they influence a variety of policy decisions that are regarding immigration. Adding to this complexity is the recognition that these varying economic theories may operate at identifying different levels of immigration. This complexity leads the chapter to consider that rather than imagining a singular type of migration, it may be more productive to consider a large array of migrations. As a means

Monday, July 22, 2019

Base De Madeira Essay Example for Free

Base De Madeira Essay The advent of internet and ecommerce revolutionized many a things, one of which was the way traditional trade was done. Ecommerce reshaped trade for every player in the supply chain. Businesses need to have an established online presence in order to maintain a competitive edge in terms of innovation and keeping up with evolving customer demands. Lifestyles of customers have evolved quite rapidly because of which businesses have to adapt to these changes and learn new ways to reach their customers. Customers have realized that they can work, study, play, and even shop online. Ecommerce is what helps businesses to effectively sell their products online. Purpose The objective of this project stems from the above premise. We are proposing an online shopping store for furniture, which will help customers to shop for furniture online, just like they would be able to, in a physical, furniture store. The whole purpose of â€Å"Base De Madeira† is that people can buy unique, exclusive and one of its kind furniture items and accessories online in a safe environment. To facilitate this online purchase, a whole computerized setup must be established. This proposal aims to define the scope of the problem at hand (establishment of the furniture shop online), and the solution in terms of technical, functional and non-functional requirements. We shall also provide various business and activity diagrams for the project, to define the scope of the online furniture shop. Scope and specification The whole idea of â€Å"Base De Madeira† as stated above is facilitating customers’ buying. In accordance with this idea, the main software to be produced for establishing this computerized setup is the customer database, stored on the web-server, which is to be automatically updated at the back-end, through the website at the front-end. There will be a membership module where people can login and do their shopping online, through browsing, searching, and putting products and accessories in the shopping cart. Moreover, admin can login as well where they can manage the database for inventory, orders and payments. We shall have a product display module where customers can search products and browse through a catalogue that can be updated by the data entry clerks for additional stock available and new products and features added. This database is tied in with the inventory management database. Another main aspect of the software will include the inventory database stored on the web-server which is again automatically updated when a purchase takes place, although all new inventory items and some old ones will be updated by the data entry clerks, through the management side’s front-end interface, on the server side of the whole application. Additionally, order management will take place through this inventory database, and it will include ensuring items are adequately stocked and available to the customers. Therefore, to manage orders and inventory, the database will have to be one that incorporates both sides of the business. Other than that, we shall have a payments module that keeps track of invoices, generating them, along with management of a shopping cart that incorporates discounts and special offers.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Managerial Research In Decision Making Processes

Managerial Research In Decision Making Processes Managerial research is a broad topic that covers a range of aspects, whether these are strategic, tactical or technical. People often confuse Managerial research with other research forms, but in fact managerial research differs to a great extent from social and other research types. Managerial research is different in such a way because it explores about the core elements that are needed to make prosper the business instead of searching such information that are not productive or result oriented. The managerial research is important because managers at all stages require timely and exact information for decision making. Whatever the decision making stage is, whether it is of tactical, operational or strategic level, the accurate information are required to for better decision making. At managerial level gathering of information is done through a sound and scientific research process. Each year organizations spend enormous amounts of money for research and development in order to mai ntain their competitive edge. Accurate information obtained through research leads to enormous benefits. In short, Managerial research is practical and finds its application in many places to identify the various characteristics and key factors responsible for the success of the firm and the products it develops. This research paper shows detailed and at length description of managerial research to describe that this type of research is different from other research methods. Definition of Research Research is the procedure of carefully studying and evaluating the situational elements surrounding an issue in order to search for solutions to it. A systematic thorough inquiry or inspection to find new information or correlations and to expand/verify current knowledge for some particular purpose. Why We Do Research? Exploration: Discovering problems of concern, growing understanding of the issue Description: Finding out, defining what is, what is the condition? Where are we now? Explanation: Explaining how or why things are as they are (and utilizing this to predict), Answering questions, resolving issues, testing hypotheses, assessment research evaluation of strategies, policies, plans and practices Difference between Managerial Research Other Research Artistic Research One of the attributes of Artistic Research is that it must take subjectivity as opposite to the classical scientific techniques. As such, it is parallel to the social sciences in utilizing quantitative research and intersubjectivity as tools to apply measurement and critical analysis Historical Method The historical technique comprises the methods and strategies by which historians utilize historical sources and other proof to research and then to write history. There are different history rules generally utilized by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis. This contains higher criticism and textual criticism. Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and examiners, the subsequent concepts are generally part of most formal historical study: Managerial Research Managerial research is practical and finds its application in several places to recognize the different characteristics and major factors accountable for the success of the company and the goods it develops. It usually looks into future trend rather that wasting time in some art or thinking in past. Usually, firms would like to know the level of consumer satisfaction of the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s product and here managerial research will be helpful. Managerial research is also helpful for doing a pilot study to introduce a new product and the different applications and guidelines of managerial research in business decision making. The firms take decision even before introducing new products through managerial research. Managerial research supports them to recognize that whether the product will be viable in firmà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s interest or not. For this purpose different techniques have been utilizing to gather relevant data for better decision making through various paradigms e.g. competitive intelligence, SWOT analysis, financial analysis, Ansoff situation analysis, etc. Managerial research can be utilized to gather data about markets, rivals, and consumers that the other two techniques cannot do so. For instance, managerial research can help identify the most favorable business location and the size of marketplaces. It can also be utilized to monitor competitive actions. Consumer research decides customer loyalty, client satisfaction, and client preferences. In this way a managers job is different and difficult. Managers need some expertise to perform the responsibilities and activities related with being a manager. What kind of expertise does a manager require? Research by Robert L. Katz discovered that managers required three basic expertises. These are technical, human and conceptual expertise. Technical skills contain information of and excellence in a certain specialized domain, for example engineering, computers, financial and managerial accounting, or production. These expertises are more significant at lower levels of administration since these supervisors are coping directly with workers doing the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s work. Human skills engage the capability to work well with other individuals both separately and in a group. Because managers cope directly with individuals, this skill is essential! Managers with good human skills are capable to get the best out of their individuals. They recognize how to int eract, stimulate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and confidence. These expertises are equally significant at all levels of administration. Eventually conceptual skills are the skills managers must have to consider and conceptualize about abstract and difficult situations. Utilizing these skills managers must be capable to see the company as an entity, understand the correlation among different subunits, and visualize how the company fits into its wider setting. Need of Managerial Research Producers need managerial research because they need to convince people to expand their business span through purchasing their products. In order to capture target audience they introduce new Managerial research with new trends and technologies, these trends persuade people to buy the product which actually increases the sales of company and reduces cost per unit. On the other side economic scale of company boost up and give a major rise to profit of company. As things happen very rapid in the technology world and if companies want to stay competitive they need to move up with the latest Managerial research. It is chiefly factual for the managerial research. There exist many ways of Managerial research so a company need to keep abreast of the new Managerial research in business if a company wants to be thrived. As compare to the physical markets there exist lessen barriers in internet managerial research. The reason is the reduction of overhead and it shows that there are so many com petitors in the business field. The main phenomenon to be thrived in t he market by following managerial research in order to assure that the business will be conspicuous. By following the latest trend of managerial research the company will put themselves on the cutting edge. A lot of the managerial research is seemed nice and once it is implemented they serve to make the business stand out. It helps business users and producers to expand their business. If firm is following all managerial research standards then it will be able to diversified advertisement so it will be able to compete in market. More attractive and impressive advertisement will not only increase sales but also will help in capturing market. Managerial Research Role in Decision Making At the beginning, it may be stated that business research or for that matter any research does not provide an exact answer to any issue but only help in making a good choice. Research is one of the four elements for making suitable and enduring decisions leading to interests of the business and ultimately its owners. A good place to begin is with some standard descriptions of decision making. Decision making is the research of recognizing and selecting options based on the values and priorities of the decision taker. Making a decision implies that there are substitute options to be measured, and in such a situation we want not only to recognize as several of these substitutes as feasible but to select the one that (1) has the utmost probability of achievement or success and (2) best fits with our objectives, desires, way of life, values, and so on. Decision making is the procedure of sufficiently decreasing insecurity and uncertainty about substitutes to permit a reasonable selection to be made from among them. This description stresses the information-collecting process of decision making. It should be eminent here that doubt is decreased rather than removed. Very few choices are made with exact certainty because total understanding about all the substitutes is seldom potential. Thus, every deci sion engages a certain amount of threat. If there is no doubt, you do not have a choice; you have an algorithma set of steps or a recipe that is pursued to bring about a set result. Managerial research for marketing is use for evaluating process, evaluating actual customer need, and for complete decision making. Decision making is quite difficult process and put the decision taker at a ground where he starts comparing hid decision options. The first problem he face is he wont be able to finalize the actual demand of result fir the decision has been taken. Managerial research helps identifying policy alternatives. Much work on knowledge exchange has concentrated on helping observers present their work into the decision-making procedure. Equally essential is the need for decision-making companies to be able of utilizing research in their decision-making. This ability engages a company having the capability to find the research proof it requires, judge its dependability, quality, significance, and applicability, adapt it into a possible format, and implement it. Problem solving and decision-making are important managerial expertise for business and life. Issue-resolving often engages decision-making and that is particularly essential for administration and management. There are procedures and methods to enhance decision-making and the quality of choices. Decision-making is more ordinary to certain traits, so these individuals should concentrate more on enhancing the quality of their choices. Individuals that are less normal decision-makers are often capable to make quality evaluations, but then require being more strong-minded in acting upon the evaluations made. Issue-resolving and decision-making are intimately connected, and each needs creativity in recognizing and developing choices, for which the brainstorming method is specifically helpful. SWOT analysis helps evaluate the power of a firm, a business proposal or idea; PEST analysis helps to evaluate the possible and appropriateness of a market. Good decision-making needs a mixture of e xpertise: creative progress and identification of choices, lucidity of judgment, determination of decision, and successful implementation. For group issue-resolving and decision-making, or when a harmony is needed, workshops support, within which you can include these tools and procedures as suitable. Here are some helpful techniques for successful decision-making and issue-resolving: First a simple step-by-step procedure for successful decision-making and issue-resolving. Conclusion Managerial research is the process that facilitates an organization to focus its target audience on the greatest opportunities for increasing the sales and achieve a stay over Managerial research competition. Mainly it cater its key concept that to make a sustainable competitive advantage. Managerial research is introduced by focusing on organization sales and cost per unit. It helps company to figure out the consumption of resources and energies that lead towards the increasing in sale and dominate in the competitive world of managerial research.

Anemia and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Causes and Effects

Anemia and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Causes and Effects Anemia is defined as the decline in the number of the normal number of (RBCs) Red Blood Cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood of the individual at the specific age and life phase; due to which the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood gets reduced (Medicine Net- definition of Anemia, 2000). WHO defines anemia by fall in the hemoglobin below the threshold limit for explicit age and body stage as limit in g/dL for- children (0.5 to 5 years) is 11, children (5 to 12 years) is 11.5, children 12 to 15 years) is 12, women non-pregnant (>15 years) is 12, pregnant women is 11 and men (>15 years) is 13 (WHO, 2008). Anemia can be categorized according to the morphological size of the Red Blood Corpuscles, diagnosed by the microscopic examination of peripheral blood smear through the test called Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV). The normal size of RBCs is 80-100 femtolitre (fl.) and anemic then called Normocytic anemia but if the cells are smaller than normal 80 fl and anemic then named Microcytic anemia if larger than 100fl. then anemia is classified as Macrocytic anemia. In the Macrocytic anemic condition the most common etiology is Megaloblastic anemia which is due to insufficiency of Vitamin B12 or folic acid or both. The deficiency of Vitamin B12 or folate can be either due to inadequate intake or scanty absorption by the body. Vitamin B12 deficiency produce neurological symptoms, but the folate deficiency does not produce such effect. The lack of intrinsic factor required to absorb Vitamin B12 from the diet causes the Megaloblastic anemic and the condition is called pernicious anemia. The sho rtage of intrinsic factor may arise from an auto immune condition aiming the parietal cells or the gastric lining (atrophic gastritis) that produce intrinsic factor or against intrinsic factor itself- which lead to poor absorption of the Vitamin B12. The removal of the functional portion of the stomach can be caused during the process of gastric bypass surgical procedure leads to reduced Vitamin B12 or folate absorption. Prevalence of condition Pernicious anemia accounts for about 80 % of megaloblastic anemia due to impaired absorption of vitamin B12. Parietal cell antibody and antibodies to intrinsic factor are found in nearly all cases. 90% of patients have antibodies to parietal cells and their components; including antibodies to intrinsic factor and proton pump H, K-ATPase (Burman Mardh et.al., 1989). About 50 percent of the patients have thyroid antibodies (Clinical Knowledge Summaries, 2008). Pernicious anemia may be associated with simple gastric atrophy in 15% of people age 40-60 and 20 to 30% of the older population. Pathology shows that gastritis with all layers of the body and fundus atrophied. The antrum is spared in more than 80% of patients (Merck Manual). The prevalence of the pernicious anemia in general population is not known and is difficult to ascertain because of diverse etiologies and different assays that is radioassay or chemoilluminescence. The incidence of the disease is 1:10,000 in northern Europe. The disease occurs in all races. The peak age is 60 and the condition is more common in those with blue eyes, early graying, a positive family history and blood group A. The condition has female : male ratio of 1.6 : 1.0 (Clinical Knowledge Summaries, 2008). Pernicious anemia may be first diagnosed incidentally during the investigation of reversible diarrhea (Marty, 1984). The recent WHO review has shown that the majority of the data on the prevalence of folate and Vitamin B12 deficiencies has been derived from relatively small and local surveys and these along with the national surveys data from few of the countries suggest that both of these deficiencies may be a public health problem that could affect many million of people throughout the world. Low blood concentrations of the vitamins occur across the population groups and in countries in various stages of development. There is strong evidence of careless relationship between low maternal folate intake or lower status and increased risk of neural tube defects- and for protective effect of folic acid supplementation or consumption of fortified foods, in the preconception period, against the neural defects. This association has been confirmed in two randomized clinical trials, in large scale supplementation trials in China, and from post-fortification data of the countries like United States of Ameri ca, Chile and Canada (WHO, 2008). The evidence of the relation between the serum or plasma folate concentrations and cognitive function is weaker in children than in adults. Some studies have reported lower scores in the school children with low folate status (Borjel Nilsson et.al., 2005). African -American populations are known to have an earlier age presentation (Chanarin, 1979). According to WHO review in United Kingdom among pregnant women 15.2 percent are anemic, among non-pregnant women of reproductive age about 8.8 percent are anemic, and among pre-school age children 8 percent are anemic. (WHO- Global database on Anemia) Path physiology of condition Structure of Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 structurally is a complex molecule in which a cobalt atom is present in a corrin ring. Basically, Vitamin B12 is present in the animal protein. Vitamin Storage in the Body Liver stores about half of the total body stores of about 2-5 milligrams. The recommended daily intake for adults is 2 mcg/d, pregnant and lactating women is 2.6mcg/d; while children require 0.7mcg/d and adolescents up to 2mcg/day. Vitamin B12 is highly conserved through the entero-hepatic circulation, cobalamin deficiency from mal-absorption develops after 2 to 5 years and the deficiency from dietary inadequacy in vegetarians develops after 10 to 20 years. Vitamin Absorption mechanism The low pH of stomach cleaves cobalamin from the ingested dietary proteins. The free cobalamin binds to the gastric R binder (a glycoprotein in saliva) and the complex travels to the duodenum and jejunum, where pancreatic peptidases digest the complex and release cobalamin. The free cobalamin is capable then to bind with gastric intrinsic factor (IF), a glycoprotein produced by the gastric parietal cells, the secretion of which parallels that of hydrochloric acid. That is why in states of achorhydria, IF secretion is reduced, leading to cobalamin deficiency. Significantly, only 99 percent of the ingested cobalamin requires intrinsic factor for absorption. Up to 1 percent of free cobalamin is passively absorbed through the terminal ileum. Due to this logic oral replacement of the Vitamin B12 with large quantities is suggested for Pernicious anemic conditions (Weir Scott et.al, 1998). As the intrinsic factor binds with Vitamin B12, resistance develops for further digestion of Vitamin B12. The complex travels to the distal ileum and binds to specific mucosal brush border receptor, Cublin- which facilitates the internalization of the cobalamin IF complex in an energy dependant process. Once internalized, IF is removed and cobalamin transferred to the other transport proteins transcobalamin I, II, III (TCI, TCII, TCIII). About 80% of cobalamin is bound to TCI/III, whose function in the cobalamin metabolism is unidentified. The remaining 20 percent binds with TCII, which is the physiological transport protein produced by endothelial cells. Its half life is 6-9 minutes; therefore the deliverance to target tissues is fast. Cobalamin TCII complex is secreted into the portal blood where it is taken up mainly in the liver and bone marrow and some other tissues. The phase when it reaches the cytoplasm, cobalamin is liberated from the complex by lysosomal degradation. The enzyme mediated reduction process of the cobalt occurs by cytoplasmic methylation to form methylcobalamin or by mitochondrial adenosylation to form adenosylcobalmin- which are the two main active forms of cobalamin (Weir Scott, 1999). Role of Vitamin B12 in bone marrow function Methylcobalamin in the cytoplasm- acts as cofactor for the methionine synthesis by allowing transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF) to homocysteine (HC), forming methionine and demethylated tetrahydrofolate (THF). This results in decrease in the level of homocysteine in the serum, which appears to be toxic to the endothelial cells. Methionine is further metabolized to S-adenosylmethinine. THF is utilized in the DNA synthesis. The polyglutamate converted form of THF participated in the purine synthesis and the conversion of deoxyuridylate (dUTP) to deoxythymidine monophospahe (dTMP), which is then phosphorylated to deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP). dTTP is required for DNA synthesis, thus in VitaminB12 deficiency- the formation of dTTP and the accumulation of 5-methyl THF is inadequate, trapping folate in tits unusable form, thereby leading to impeded DNA synthesis. RNA contains dTP (deoxyuracil triphosphate) instead of dTTP, allowing for protein synth esis to proceed uninterrupted and resulting in macrocytosis and cytonuclear dissociation. After folate deficiency, as same mechanisms are responsible to cause macrocytosis and cytonuclear dissociation that is why both deficiencies lead to Megaloblastic anemia and disordered maturation in the granulocytic linkages, therefore folate supplementation can reverse the hemotologic abnormalities of Vitamin B12 deficiency but has no impact on the neurological abnormalities of vitamin B12 deficiency. Pernicious anemia is commonly seen in individuals having atrophic gastritis, auto immune destruction of gastric parietal cells which leads to lack of intrinsic factor for the absorption of Vitamin B12 and this ultimately give rise to Vitamin B12 deficiency (Kumar, 2007). The loss of the ability to absorb Vitamin B12 is the most common cause of adult vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 and folate co enzyme are required for the thymidylate and purine synthesis, thus their deficiency results in retarded DNA synthesis. In folate and Vitamin B12 deficiency the defect in DNA synthesis affects other rapidly dividing cells also, which may be manifested as glossitis, skin changes and flattening of the intestinal villi (Masnou Llavat et.al., 2007). The synthesis of DNA may also be delayed when certain chemotherapeutic agents like folate anstagonists (methotrexate), purine antagonists (6-mercaptopurine) and pyrimidine antagonists are used. In addition to non explicit symptoms of anemia, exact features of Vitamin B12 deficiency include peripheral neuropathy and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, which results in balance difficulties from posterior column spinal cord pathology (Niranjan, 2006). Dietary links Most of the microorganisms even including bacteria and algae- synthesize vitamin B12 and they form the only main source of this vitamin (Chanarin, 1979). The Vitamin B12 synthesized in the microorganisms enters the human food chain through amalgamation into the food of the animal origin. In many animals, gastrointestinal fermentation supports the growth of these Vitamin B12 forming microorganisms and consequently the vitamin is absorbed into the animal tissues. This is principally accurate for the liver- where the vitamin B 12 is stored in the large quantities. The products from the herbivorous animals like milk, meat and eggs thus comprise the significant dietary source of the vitamin, unless the animal is surviving in one of the many regions in the world which is geochemically deficient in cobalt (Smith, 1987). Milk from cows and humans contains binders with very high affinity for Vitamin B12, though whether they hamper or promote intestinal absorption is not totally clear. Omnivores and carnivores, including humans derive dietary vitamin B12 almost exclusively from animal tissues or products like milk, butter, cheese, eggs, meat, poultry etc. This appears that the vitamin B12 derived from the microflora in any appreciable quantities, although vegetable fermentation preparations have been reported as being possible sources of vitamin B12 (Berg Dagnelie et.al., 1988). About  ½ pint of milk contains 1.2 µg, a slice of vegetarian cheddar cheese 40gm contains 50 µg, 1 boiled egg contains 0.7 µg of Vitamin B12. The process fermentation in order to prepare yoghurt destroys much of the B12 present. Boiling milk can also destroy much of the vitamin B12 present in it (Vegatarian Society England- Information Sheet). The treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency linked anemia is not permanent as the temporary cure and the cessation of the anemia related symptoms depends on the repletion of the Vitamin B12. The most accessible or inexpensive method to replenish vitamin B12 is through dietary supplementation in the of sublingual B12 tablets available widely throughout the world. The oral and sublingual B12 are absorbed equally well but in the study subjects were not selected to be having pernicious anemia. Anemic patients may need sublingual cyanocobalamin or methylcobalamin tablets which permits absorption through the mucous membrane of the mouth thus bypassing the gastrointestinal tract completely therefore no risk of intrinsic factor discrepancy (Sharabi Sulkes et.al., 2003). In some studies oral tablets were used but they were required in very high doses to treat pernicious anemia were required (Lederle, 1998). The effectiveness of the high dose of vitamin B12 tablets to treat ordinary pernicious anemia is very well established. High oral administration allows B12 to be absorbed in places other than the terminal ileum. In a study it was found that oral B12 repletion was more effective than injections (Butler Vidal, 2006). Innovative alternative methods of administering B12, including nasal sprays and behind the ear patches. In small study in mid 1997 with just 6 participants found that the intranasal administration of B12 led to increases in plasma cobalamin even up to 8 times of the given patients baseline measurement (Slot Merkus et.al., 1997). Evidence from epidemiological studies According to the epidemiological study conducted in 2005 Pernicious anemia is more common in type diabetics than in non-diabetic subjects, but it is clinically silent until its end stage. The high prevalence of latent Pernicious anemia in Diabetes mellitus type 1 patients leads to the recommendation of screening using serum pepsinogen 1 concentrations (Nuria Lusia, 2005). The risk of cancers of buccal cavity, stomach and colon along with lymphoma and leukemia is shown to be increased in case reports of patients in hospital based and cross sectional studies in a cohort study of 1993. Even the cancer of esophagus and pancreas also remain elevated throughout the study and the follow-up period (Hsing Hansson et.al., 1993). The epidemiological study conducted in 1996 among U.S. population has shown that undiagnosed pernicious anemia is a common finding in the elderly people of United States with undiagnosed and untreated pernicious anemia and is having possibility for masked cobalamin deficiency (Carmel, 1996). The study conducted in 2003 to find the link between infection of H.Pylori and the gastric autoimmune diseases like pernicious anemia. This epidemiological study has depicted that the frequent detection of H pylori in subjects with early gastric autoimmunity indicated by parietal cell antibodies suggests that- H. pylori could have crucial role to play in the induction and the maintenance of the autoimmunity at the gastric level (Fabio Beatrice et.al., 2003). Conclusions As the totally vegetarians do not consume any animal products, they are at high risk of developing vitamin B12 deficiency. It is generally agreed that in some communities the only source of vitamin B12 is from contamination of food by microorganisms. When vegetarians move to countries where there are high standards of hygiene and the rules of sanitation are stringent, there is good evidence that risk of vitamin B12 deficiency increases in adults and particularly in children born to and breastfed by women who are strict vegans. As standards of hygiene improve in developing countries, there is a concern that the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency might occur or increase. This should be ascertained by estimating plasma vitamin B12 levels, preferably in conjunction with plasma levels in representative adult populations and in infants. Further research needs include Ascertaining the contribution that fermented vegetable foods make to the vitamin B12 status of vegans communities. Investigating the prevalence of atrophic gastritis in developing countries to determine its extent in exacerbating vitamin B12 deficiency. Relation of pernicious anemia with the fatal or other chronic diseases like those of endocrinal, cardiac or renal system. Dietary or supplementary innovative methods are still to be researched to find easy suitable methods to manage vitamin B12 deficiency. To find permanent cure of the disease by some biological stem cell therapy method or repair of the gastric lining to cover up the deficiency of intrinsic factor and break down the pathological cycle of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Mortuary Practices and Afterlife of the Choctaw Essay -- Sociology, Tr

The Choctaws thrived in the fertile sandy, red-clay soil, rolling hills, and dense forests, located in the Central Hills of the east-central region of Mississippi. The estimated population after early European contact was between 15,000 and 20,000 and was the second largest group of Native Americans in the Southeast (Blitz 1988:127). The Choctaws in the Southeast were a matrilineal society. Traditionally, women preformed tasks related to domestic life. Among these responsibilities were creating pottery and utensils, food preparation, and planting and harvesting crops. The majority of their diet consisted of agricultural products such as corn, pumpkins, squash, and beans. Women would also accompany men on hunting excursions in order to provide food preparation. After the hunt, women were responsible for transporting the slain animal back to the village for processing of skins, bone, and meat (Carson 1995:495-6). The greatest responsibilities of the Choctaw men were hunting and warfare. During the fall and winter months, their primary food source was deer. Their accomplishments on hunting adventures directly reflected upon their social status and importance within the tribe. When a Choctaw tribal member became terminally ill, it was common practice for the medicine man to inform the family of impending death (Swanton 1931:170). Upon death, the Choctaws believed that the spirit of the dead continued on a voyage to either the good hunting ground or the bad hunting ground. This journey would take many days, which would require the proper provisions. A dog would sometimes be slain in order to accompany his master on the long journey. After the introduction of horses, they, too, were killed so that the spirit had means of t... ...uilt or fear, and attempt to dodge the stones. Slipping from the log, he would fall into the raging river and over the waterfall, landing in rapidly swirling pool of water. Pulling his beaten, tattered, and unclothed body from the water, the shilup, begins his journey into the bad hunting grounds. Every step is filled with the pain from briars, thorny trees, chestnut burs. The sun never shines and cold winds are always present. Every spirit encountered is an enemy with no safe place to take refuge. Food is scarce, due to unfertile soil, and hunger is constant. The bad hunting grounds are perpetually lonely, with only the joyous sounds coming from the other side of the mountains. The doomed spirits constantly struggle to climb the treacherous mountains, but to no avail. They are eternally destined to an afterlife of desolation (Campbell 1959:149-52).

Friday, July 19, 2019

Assembly :: Essays Papers

Assembly When programming in assembly language, we have to specify operations in a much greater level of detail than we would have to do in a high level language. Furthermore, we get relatively little help from the assembler in finding errors. Assemblers can only check the syntax of each line, and check that every symbol or label used is defined somewhere. We are much less constrained by the structure of the assembly language than we are by the structure of a high level language. This lack of constraint makes the job much harder, not easier. It is much easier to write an incorrect program in assembly language that in C++ or Pascal. It is much more likely that mistakes, will not be found by the assembler, so that we get runtime errors, which are harder to find, rather than compile time errors which are easier to find. For these reasons, we need to be even more careful when programming in assembly language than we are when programming in a high level language. We need to apply all of t he skills we have learned in relation to high level language programming to assembly language programming. Planning our work carefully is equally important, building a design package, by following appropriate style conventions when writing the program, and by providing good documentation with appropriate commenting of the program text. After building the design, it is wise to write a high level language program, to help check out the program logic and to serve as a model for the assembly language program. The high level language program can then be translated little by little into assembly language, perhaps a procedure at a time, and can be used to document the logic of the assembly language program. Clearly, we should use a compiler to translate a high level language program into machine code if we have a compiler at hand. There are circumstances, however; when it is necessary to do the translation on our own. It is nevertheless wise to write out the high level language program, even if you cannot compile it for the machine in question. It is not necessary or desirable for the programming of embedded microprocessors to be done in assembly language. Indeed, assembly language should be regarded as a last resort, to be used when compilers are not available, or in very special circumstances. Assembly :: Essays Papers Assembly When programming in assembly language, we have to specify operations in a much greater level of detail than we would have to do in a high level language. Furthermore, we get relatively little help from the assembler in finding errors. Assemblers can only check the syntax of each line, and check that every symbol or label used is defined somewhere. We are much less constrained by the structure of the assembly language than we are by the structure of a high level language. This lack of constraint makes the job much harder, not easier. It is much easier to write an incorrect program in assembly language that in C++ or Pascal. It is much more likely that mistakes, will not be found by the assembler, so that we get runtime errors, which are harder to find, rather than compile time errors which are easier to find. For these reasons, we need to be even more careful when programming in assembly language than we are when programming in a high level language. We need to apply all of t he skills we have learned in relation to high level language programming to assembly language programming. Planning our work carefully is equally important, building a design package, by following appropriate style conventions when writing the program, and by providing good documentation with appropriate commenting of the program text. After building the design, it is wise to write a high level language program, to help check out the program logic and to serve as a model for the assembly language program. The high level language program can then be translated little by little into assembly language, perhaps a procedure at a time, and can be used to document the logic of the assembly language program. Clearly, we should use a compiler to translate a high level language program into machine code if we have a compiler at hand. There are circumstances, however; when it is necessary to do the translation on our own. It is nevertheless wise to write out the high level language program, even if you cannot compile it for the machine in question. It is not necessary or desirable for the programming of embedded microprocessors to be done in assembly language. Indeed, assembly language should be regarded as a last resort, to be used when compilers are not available, or in very special circumstances.

LORENZOS OIL :: essays papers

LORENZOS OIL Project IV STEPS 2 & 3 Article 1 1. What is property P? Increase in brain activity 2. What is the sample? The 16 boys 3. What is the population? All children 4. What is the implicit question? Why is there a difference in brain function between normal kids and kids with ADHD. 5. What is not the implicit question? Do all children have a property p? 6. What type of argument? Sampling 7. what did they look at? They looked at 16 children who were diagnosed with ADHD six were not. 8. IQ: Is there a difference in brain function between normal kids and kids with ADHD? 9. NOT: Do all children have a difference in brain function? Schematization S1 6% of school children suffer from ADHD and require medication. S2 They looked at 16 children between 8 and 13 who were diagnosed with ADHD six were not.. S3 Ritalin is the drug used to treat children with hyperactive and aggressive behavior. S4/C1 ADHD children react differently than normal kids when given Ritalin S5 Children with ADHD exhibit problems like poor listening and poor impulse control.. S6 Healthy children have a decrease in brain activity when given Ritalin. C2 Ritalin has no positive effect on behavior in healthy children Article 2 1. What type of argument? Correlation 2. What is A ? â€Å"GIK† treatment (glucose insulin and potassium) 3. What is B? Reduction in heart attack deaths. 4. Causal Mechanism? Clogged arteries 5. What is the implicit question? Why does oxygen nourishment (GIK)to the heart reduce heart attack deaths? 6. NOT- What caused a reduction I Heart attacks? 7. Which rival explains why a and b occur together? Forward cause Rival - Those that received treatment did not have clogged arteries. The argument in the article is a correlation argument. There is a correlation between â€Å"A† the GIK treatment and â€Å"B† the reduction in heart attack deaths. The arguer believes there is a correlation because of a prior study. This study was originally conducted in 1960. And had showed and overall reduction in heart attack death rate by half. This study was discarded however because of poorly conducted clinical tests. These tests led many doctors to doubt that it worked. The study conducted called GIK for glucose, insulin and potassium nourishes t65he heart muscle that are deprived of oxygen immediately following a heart attack. The causal mechanism are clogged arteries that reduce the flow of oxygen to the heart.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Essay on Film Genre

A true film genre relies on shared iconography, formalistic themes and similar narrative structures and content. ‘What genre does is recognize that the audience any one film within a context of other films, both those they have personally seen and those they have heard about or seen represented in other media outlets. †¦In general, the function of genre is to make films comprehensible and more or less familiar. (turner 97)’.Action/adventure, the Western, Gangster/Crime, Detective/Film Noir, Comedy, Science fiction/Fantasy, Horror/Monster, Suspense Thriller/Spy/Heist and many others groups are usually used for marketing in stores where films are being sold. The majority of viewers, film critics, and film producers talk about films in relation to the categories. These categories are generally called genres. ‘The word â€Å"genre† is originally French, and it simply means â€Å"kind† or â€Å"type†. It’s related to another word,  "genus†, which is used in the biological sciences to classify groups of plant and animals. A true film genre is a product of interaction between audience and the text. Therefore, all producers and audiences must have a quite good understanding and what is more important shared knowledge of genre’s characteristics. ’ For instance,’ westerns, at least the traditional ones, tend to share the same basic conflict and usually the same type of setting. All detective films share the same basic story: the uncovering of causes. Musicals share nothing more than frequent prominent interludes of music and perhaps dancing during a story. This shared knowledge, however, is not set in stone. Different people will have divergent understandings of genre. ’ According to this statement, audiences expand general ideas about any kind of genre based on going to the cinema, media coverage or advertisements and marketing. As a result of consequence, viewers have their own a nticipations about a particular genre and define films according to their expectations. ‘Genres are based on a tacit agreement among filmmakers, reviewers and audiences. What gives the films some common identity are shared genre conventions. Shared conventions are shared thematic, stylistic and narrative structures. Although not every single film demonstrate all of the conventions, at least some of them are shown in a film. This helps the film critics to define whether this film fall into a particular group of films – genre. Moreover, critical analysis of any film can take place only if conventions are considered. These conventions are also called â€Å"repertoire of elements†. In this document shared genre conventions in terms of horror will be discussed.The horror genre has become much more popular nowadays than ever before. ‘If its beginnings were rooted in literature – Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein† (1818) and Bram Stokerâ€℠¢s â€Å"Dracula† (1897) are the titles that seem to spring to everyone’s mind – we also know that stories have always been told about ghosts, monsters, witches and the dark. ’ There are a lot of reasons why this genre is so popular today. However, it is still really difficult to clarify why it is so engaging for a great number of people regardless of its unreality. The genre of ‘Horror’ has been around since the late 1800’s giving it decades to develop and change. ’ ‘From the 1930s to the 1970s, most horror films were considered very much the poor brethren of the film world. ’ The reason was that horror films were made on a low budget. Furthermore, the target audience was young people who went to the cinemas late nights to have fun and scream their way. The great example was ‘the film â€Å"Matinee† (directed by Joe Dante, 1993)’ which demonstrates that horror films were watched mostly by young people at that time.However, there were such films like â€Å"Psycho† (1960) and â€Å"The Birds† (1963) by Alfred Hitchcock which managed to change perspective of horror films in a better way. Since audiences appreciate thrill and excitement they experience during watching horror movies they expect new stories and plots. Consequently, film producers had to come up with new ideas and more challenging plots to meet the audience’s expectations and wishes. One of the genre conventions is iconography, which ‘derives from art history, where it only referred to visual signs. The context in which an object or sound is used is crucial in defining its meaning.For example, a crucifix is readily associated with the church as a symbol of Christ`s resurrection, and is not simply an example of horror iconography. ’ In terms of a horror film a symbol of Christ would represent not only the Christ but the weapon against the evil. Another example could be a knife whi ch is used to kill somebody rather than in comedy it is used for cutting things. In order to identify that the genre of a film is horror, such visual signs like red and black colors, blue filters in films are used. The use of blue filter is called digital color correction.It was hard and expensive to achieve this correction previously. However, since computer technologies have developed a lot, much more powerful and exciting effects can be achieved by simply editing a film sequence in different computer software nowadays. Moreover, the mise- enscene of horror films also show that this film is horror film with the help of using such things like knives, guns, axes and many others. Another use of iconography is the setting. In horror films the setting is usually abandoned, isolated from people, the houses generally hide scaring past.The majority of scenes are filmed in night time but the plot can be developed during daytime as well. There are some sub-genres of horror films. Therefore, the iconography can slightly vary. For instance, paranormal horror includes such symbols like unusual things happening or really dark scenes. â€Å"Slasher† horror shows masks, screaming victims. Another thing to consider is camera work in horror films. Generally, different and weird angles of camera are used. In order to frighten and express fear for the viewers extreme close ups and point of view shots take place during film.There are many other types of iconography like the use of tense sounds and music which are generally linked with a horror genre. Therefore, aural signs should be also discussed when talking about iconography of films. ‘â€Å"One should not tell stories as straight-line narratives. There are so many other possibilities, and film would only enrich them. † Peter Greenaway’. While researching horror films, another very important genre convention is narrative structure. ‘Narrative piece events together in a linear fashion that clea rly shows the audience the reasons for, and the consequences of character behavior.The logic of cause and effect ties together character traits, goals, obstacles, and actions. ’ . The main intention of narrative structure is to tell the story. Sometimes it is conceptual, sometimes real. For instance, the purpose of film can involve saving the world or finding a love. ‘Russian narrative theorist Tzvetlan Todorov argued that all narratives involve the disruption of a stable situation, which makes restoration of equilibrium an important goal. ’ First of all, with the help of disruption people can identify the genre of a film easily. For instance, f there is a drugs baron killing someone and trying to escape, perhaps the genre is gangster or thriller; some kind of dilemma in a family can be set in a film which genre is likely to be melodrama. Basically, the equilibrium Todorov was talking about is that generally characters come to this point of equilibrium only in th e end of film after some kind of disruption: be it reconsidering goals or dealing with challenges. The great examples of films showing equilibrium are â€Å"slasher† films. Another part of narrative structure focuses on character types. There are different types of them which are strongly associated with the genre.For example, the most expected character of horror films is monster. This character is extremely important in horror genre as to realize fear and revulsion. Since there are different types of horror films, monsters also vary. Sometimes, they represent ghosts which lead and frighten other characters. In some films, monsters are creatures that are half human half animal being. However, monster does not necessarily have to appear as a monster because it simply means phenomena or â€Å"bad thing† which is scaring. Almost every horror film has a Madonna as well. She is generally an attractive woman who is suffering because of a monster.Madonna represents an ideal woman while a whore is completely opposite character that represents the worst things of women. ‘A standard narrative convention of horror film is that the exposition portrays a character or small group of characters venturing into a strange and ultimately threatening setting. Jonathan Harker (Alexander Granach) goes into the Carpathian Mountains to make a business deal with the mysterios Count Orlock in â€Å"Nosferatu†. ’ Genres are usually associated with particular themes. For instance,’ the wilderness versus civilization opposition in Westerns, and the human: non- human opposition in SF’.In the beginning horror films were based on literature. â€Å"Dracula† was one of them. Since horror genre was developing during the time, new ideas such as aliens started to appear. During the 80’s the most popular idea in horror genre was â€Å"slashers† which was mentioned before in this document. The 80’s became some kind of new era for the horror genre as they started working closely on special effects to provide audience with more fear. †The thing† (1982) and â€Å"The thing† (2011) is an example that shows how special effects have changed since 1982. The first version is full of makeup effects and costumes.There is a big difference compared to the latest version in terms of using computer generated imagery for gaining special effects and digital animation. With this progression which influenced the viewers in terms of watching horror films the popularity of horror films increased a lot. ’ During the early 20th  century psychological thrillers were introduced into the horror genre and changed the genre completely, sparking new ideas, which have grown and developed into the main theme and idea we have today. ’ Therefore, horror films expand themes about religion or unnatural things nowadays.One of the examples of today’s horror films based on these themes is  "Paranormal activity†. ‘It seems likely that a genre never dies. It may pass out of fashion for a time, only to return in updated garb. A genre may change by mixing its conventions with those of another genre. ’ Therefore, sometimes it is difficult to identify what is the genre of a particular film. Film producers are forced to take such actions like mixing some genres in order to create a new so called â€Å"hybrid† genre. The reason for this is to renew a genre by adding some conventions from another genre so that to surprise the audience and to keep them interested. The horror story [†¦] is part of a long process by which people have tried to come to terms with and find adequate descriptions and symbols for deeply rooted, primitive and powerful forces, energies and fears which are related to death, afterlife, punishment, darkness, evil, violence and destruction. † – J. A. Cuddon. According to Cuddon words, the horror film is only a part of a process. However, I do not think so because if something is a process then it has to end at some point and horror genre will never die. I think that is because the majority of people are curious about the things that are scaring or forbidden.Curiosity has to be sated somehow and horror films help to sort it out. While watching horror films or reading horror books our mind experience feeling of being scared. Stephen King told once â€Å"We have to keep the ‘gators fed†. He meant that people would find another more dangerous way to sate their curiosity if horror genre would not exist. Consequently, this kind of genre will not die. Taking into account all above mentioned, I can come to the conclusion that every genre shares its own iconography, similar narrative structures and themes.The main reason for that is to make every genre identifying and understandable. Audience chooses films to watch normally for entertainment so genre could be vital factor in this as it he lps in choosing and understanding films. Bibliography Pramaggiore, Maria, and Wallis, Tom. Film: A Critical Introduction. Laurence King Publishing, 2005. Bordwell, David and Thompson, Kristin, Film Art: An Introduction. New York: McGraw Hill, 2010. Lacey, Nick, Introduction to Film. London: Palgrave, 2005. Dougherty, Rachel. â€Å"Genre & Narrative in Horror Film†¦Ã¢â‚¬  27 September 2012. 3 March 2013. http://racheldoughertyfilm. blogspot. co. uk/2012/09/genre-narrative-in-horror-film. html. Nelmes, Jill, An Introduction to Film Studies. Routledge, 2003. Rayner, Philip, Wall, Peter, and Kruger, Stephen. â€Å"AS Media Studies: The Essential Introduction†. Routledge, 2001. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Wallis, T. , Pramaggiore, M. , (2005), Film: A Critical Introduction, p. 310 [ 3 ]. Bordwell, D. , Thompson, K. (2010), Film Art An Introduction, p. 328 [ 4 ]. Wallis, T. , Pramaggiore, M. , (2005), Film: A Critical Introduction, p. 310 [ 5 ].Lacey, N. (2005), Introduction To Film, p. 46 [ 6 ]. Bordwell, D. , Thompson, K. (2010), Film Art An Introduction, p. 330 [ 7 ]. Rayner, P, Wall, P. , Kruger, S. (2001), AS Media Studies: The Essential Introduction, p. 292 [ 8 ]. http://racheldoughertyfilm. blogspot. co. uk/2012/09/genre-narrative-in-horror-f ilm. html [ 9 ]. Rayner, P, Wall, P. , Kruger, S. (2001), AS Media Studies: The Essential Introduction, p. 296 [ 10 ]. Rayner, P, Wall, P. , Kruger, S. (2001), AS Media Studies: The Essential Introduction, p. 296 [ 11 ]. Lacey, N. (2005), Introduction To Film, p. 8 [ 12 ]. Wallis, T. , Pramaggiore, M. , (2005), Film: A Critical Introduction, p. 32 [ 13 ]. Wallis, T. , Pramaggiore, M. , (2005), Film: A Critical Introduction, p. 33 [ 14 ]. Wallis, T. , Pramaggiore, M. , (2005), Film: A Critical Introduction, p. 33 [ 15 ]. Wallis, T. , Pramaggiore, M. , (2005), Film: A Critical Introduction, p. 357 [ 16 ]. Lacey , N. (2005), Introduction To Film,, page 53 [ 17 ]. http://racheldoughertyfilm. blogspot. co. uk/2012/09/genre-narrative-in-horror-film. html [ 18 ]. Bordwell, D. , Thompson, K. (2010), Film Art An Introduction, page 335

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Limitations of Marketing Research

Present involved internal cable information utilize three different methods appropriate to the substance abusers needs. * I am red to use is Samsung wandflower S2. I pass on be describing How the product is macrocosm marketed. How has it been marketed? What be the sales figures? How effective was the marketing? How does the business measure the effectiveness of its marketing? The Samsung Galaxy S II is a see screen-based, slate-format Android Smartph atomic number 53 designed, developed, and marketed by Samsung Electronics.The Samsung Galaxy S 2 really is a whiz-kid of a mobile and is one of the familys most popular phones after(prenominal) the great success of its Galaxy S predecessor. Samsungs Galaxy S2 continued being the best-selling handset in the UK throughout November as Apples new released iPhone 4S failed to cl learn the top spot. A Samsung has substantiate that the Galaxy S2 has hit 10 jillion sales, making it the fastest-selling phone of the series so far.Th e Samsung Galaxy S2, took five months to reach the aforementioned(prenominal) milestone. Although Apple didnt make a homogeneous announcement when the iPhone 4S reached 10 million, we expect it did so quicker than the Galaxy S3, having sold quatern million in its first spend on sale. It is very important how you enrol the product in the market it had it to do in the correct way for lawsuit Samsung they advertise In TV, website, newspapers and YouTube adverts.People bequeath clear the adverts on TV it will curve them to buy new technology product. It will help the increasing sales. Samsung their aims are to be of the one best company in the existence. To make sales double in the future and sell their Samsung products, and by achieving these goals we aim to lead the way in tackling the environmental problems that are facing our planet. to be one of the top three electronics companies in the world in quantity and in choice by 2010

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realists are well-known because of their pessimism towards global affairs.This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.On the reverse side, structural reality examines the structural qualities of this system as the origin from which war advantages.(Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the personal following way:â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of preliminary ruling dynasties, whi lst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that what was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and last even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. † (Viotti, Kauppi).Important difference between social darwinism and other various branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to british rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring how that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion deeds that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could general rule wit h an all-purpose policy code.

Its normal that realism is not really realistic.17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state empty can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is forget not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only.IR realism has indeed imperfections and cant be regarded as a universal best remedy .† (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the many causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz s ays that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not second serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only.The logical value of the three various theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not.

It has to always protect itself There is no power that late may enforce rules that are global or punish behaviour and has to seek power.Such argument includes the female personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the fellow citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In new addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the clear statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations.This theory best can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to global reach desired goals.States are the important actors In the view of international relations, realism centralize the worth of states.Difference between neorealism and classical realismConflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, getting there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical critical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive logical and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states deeds that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement:â€Å"What the one human wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too.

A state will stay in a place.These ideas performed specific different approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and best intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria logical and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous.But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude unlooked for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order.e.Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to only human nature.The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules logical and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to last act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. † (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he other states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a legal right to use any tools to protect themselves.

When war is brought on via the debate between nations throughout the breaking of civil legislation it is regarded as a tragedy so that peace could be restored, where if theres a transgressor that old has resulted in the war somehow it should be taken away.(Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity logical and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this general statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the certain assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively.It may in fact be attained only by using intimidation and force.As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to the ir positions in power.â€Å"The classical realist scientific worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the rapid onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†.

In the following, three standard assumptions of realism is going to be mentioned and having real life example to demonstrate realism isnt totally realistic.It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA political power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace.At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests logical and needs of other states should be satisfied.Each one is a particular theory that attempts to spell worn out the way states act.(Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security.

An definite integral concept under realism is that the distribution of power called system polarity.McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of kidney International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000.Change in the system will induce change .Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C.