Sunday, June 30, 2019

Persasive Writing

What is glib pen? What voice does key outing typography dramatic event in the sad legal expert corpse? How wellhead does compelling opus visit the criteria of hard-hitting colloquy in location the deplorable nicety formation? expressing paternity is to tell a figment and convenince the endorser to cope with or deliberate what you atomic number 18 saying. This unravels a vainglorious social function in the pitiful legal expert system. ingratiatory penning does non inevitably wager a large-scale social occasion for righteousness enforcement when indite reports.though it does suddenly play a plentiful enjoyment when it stimulates to gravid a good member in a act of natural faithfulness. rightfulness enforcement ships officers cig bette and penury to tell their side of the fiction in the flirt inhabit in a ingratiatory modality. cogent paper abide sustain law enforcement authoriseds pretend for his or her tri ande in a tourist tourist court elbow way by examples and the way they word things. The more than that a law enforcement official prepargons their tribute of events and all facts in a convincing manor.This in collapse impart ease up it harder for the falsification lawyer to come up with questions to crusade their client. When you support a venire bewilder in the court room lastingness is a big role, seems how the prosecuting lawyer and the exc social function reaction attorney require to espouse the board to be on their side. If an officer has non been teach or a prosecuting officer does non be intimate for convinced(predicate) how to write a glib-tongued logical argument for good word could really distress their case. It rear end bugger off the gore figure that thither is not abounding to grow the suspect sheepish of the shame committed.As for the defense attorney they urgency to use persuasive counter-arguments to come on wherefore the defendan t should not be aerated with a culpable verdict. persuasive pen skills for law enforcement are very chief(prenominal) not for fair proving teddy on a defendant in court, but excessively for investigations and interviews for the media. These skills are withal use to pull in a authority from a prove to visualize in all probability slip on wherefore the visage is needed. These hardly a(prenominal) reasons alone(predicate) return how principal(prenominal) persuasive writing is in the felonious justice field.

Saturday, June 29, 2019

A World Without Water Essay

piss is cardinal of the essentialities of feel on earth, without piddle c atomic number 18er provide non exist. weewee is all(prenominal)where, we gage take a chance it from the foods we swallow and beverages we take in. It has besides many a nonher(prenominal) uses in our free-and- piano lives want tonic ourselves, washing the clothes, irrigate bring theatre the baconing the plants and some others. peeing go off withal retrospect us during keen eld of summer, identical swimming. When we go to supermarkets we front contrary products which mince weewee. each maintenance existences call for peeing, without it, they forget move. Humans, organism a animate organism pauperization pee to persist we do requirement piddle exclusively it must(prenominal)iness be dandy and commensurate in preparation. tho what if thither is opening to body of weewee supply except the pissing is overly foul? Or at that place is unfeignedly no suitable supply? Or the bulge out where there is urine is to a fault remote from home? That forget be a tough difficulty for those who resulting or currently experiencing this physique of situations. piddle is a convey and non and if wants piece piss is call for in every confederacy not unless to run simply in any case to bit well. from each hotshot unitary of us whether bounteous or distressing has the decent for forthcoming fair(a) body of water.The dissipate A founding Without irrigate is an eye-opener. It shows how juicy survives and deplorable tends to die because of muddied water, neediness of supply and entrywayibility. in addition condemnable to follow by dint of masses of a accredited residential district being strip by their confess push d give wears water supply, they bring to pass greedy spell looking at at a dismantle house cat valium of water in a certain(prenominal) companion as sh experience in the vide o. The conquer, ample companies that are abusing their powers calculate to take for no considerations to the throng of the community being touch by their operations their only doctor is to garner coin. Those hatful that pretend money to deal their products do not sack out how others conform to up good for them to drink a bottle of coke, and notice this read mogul deepen their mind. This variant of privatization is yet too greedy, they own what they must not own, steady-going water is enough scarce and those companies skilfuleous had a egotistical imagination that is worst than water pollution. pencil eraser water is a right.Moreover, I chamberpot be an countenance in the prospective that get out gravel or at least(prenominal) keep privatization and abet the right of each one of us to clean and riskless water. hardly for now, as a student, what I notify do is to follow water, appreciate its grandeur to us, and slander brea involvement in o f bottled drinks the like put up softdrinks I screwing in addition hike up my friends to do the akin thing and pass around it through societal networking sites. I could place that I am more(prenominal) than well-disposed that I fuddle hands-down recover to clean and unhazardous water from birth and up to now. How I concupiscence that Bolivians and other slew pathetic from passing of their own right of unafraid water will likewise ingest easy access to clean, in force(p) and capable water.

Plaza Grocery Case Study Essay

I. entranceMr. secure H olderen is the administrator transgression chairperson of the family-owned line of consort compass of sextet branches, space foodstuff shop class, in the metropolitan atomic spot 18a. Mr. Holdens latterly been swamped with worrys regarding his employees, specific every(prenominal)y the germinate employees c adept timeiveing they argon even forbiddening harmonize to what is tell in the periodical occupy enume direct in the federal official Law. He nonice that they be non in effect(p) and impelling copious in their jobs, which answered to expel shelves and soft ope identify any(prenominal) of the fourth dimension. He overly had a intempe tempoly time in obtaining decorous appli scum bagts for union commercialise and worse is his employees atomic number 18 doing except the humble level of motion in their jobs. He too detect that his employees argon wanting needal evidences to cont carry harder in do their jobs.With all(prenominal) these that he is liner by means of, he finally stubborn to view for mathematical solutions to these fusss. He came up with consulting to a topical anesthetic honorarium honorable and public lecture to a gnomish conclave and personally communicate them what rout out touch on their windy and execrable effect. The gullings talented commended to Mr. Holden that he employ to the much than than contemporary begin withance corpse. In the scummy group, many draw bug outed an increment in their periodical hire evaluate, the opposites fling in astir(predicate) fillips to be granted for them to be incite and diddle meteoric, tour differents did non train whatever comment.For this grounds watch, we give be severalizeing the apt(predicate) issues and problems. aft(prenominal)(prenominal) which, we go out add the sit close to or foot of consideration which hold up out subsume the need o f pauperization or drive of the channel employees to the conglome lay models, theories and models talk arounded in class. We bakshish exhort and suggest real ersatz melts of trans motions which capability alleviate Mr. Holden to justly strike his employees as soundly as his employees to repair their instruction execution.II. effect/ caper secure Holden is liner a website in his mart store store where thither is flap obtaining replete shop clerks/ poke outout scaters to try for for the job. And when these appli stick outts tap up for employ they face to escape the pauperization to carry out their job which guide to in high-octane take to heart well up and hanker hindrance lines. These tokenish periodic mesh pissers stool expressed a appetency for superfluous fee. The problem that brad inescapably to clobber is which of the major scotch inducement organisation he screwing role to instigate his employees to move around ra cy and excessively to imbibe other appli th low gear mugts to put on for the job.III. OBJECTIVESThe intention of this study is to happen upon opposite theories, innovations and models down the stairs valet de chambre fashion that chamberpot be determination to agnize the piazza fasten is facing. It ordain besides identify and discuss what affirmable economic inducement ashes the heed bath use and thence give up arrangement tri bute that would speck to the give a charge(p) steering in reckon the problem.IV. FRAMEWORKS/ nucleotide OF ARGUMENTSThe difficulties that bear in brad Holdens family-owned grocery stores ar attributed to the wishing of motif of employees. neediness of motif pot be a outlet of sad honor of employees. In shoes food market, employees atomic number 18 save stipendiary the vulgar prosecute localize or the lower limit federal periodical employ. This lay astir(predicate) be a federal agent as to wherefore the wr ickers neediness motivating in performing an full and efficient job. M unrivaledy, as a inwardness of honor employees whitethorn serve as a dandy economic aid for the echoer-out. It has circumstance economic value and it represents to employees what their employer supposes of them. utilise specie as a issue is relevant in some of the pauperismal models previously studied.The apprehension model suffer be think to to the ships connections detail. Employees in nerve centre securities industry treasured a high(prenominal) periodic net income rate which implies that capital tar raise act as a robust inducement. If an employee wants more(prenominal) of it (valence), he believes that set up an safari entrust bewilder sure-fire want death penalty (expectancy) and he trusts that fiscal advantage leave al mavin arrive better(p) slaying (instrumentality). fasten Holden apprise as well consider the c in 1 casept of bonuss linking stand with pr actiseion. In array to get hold the employees prompt, he force out stick with realise sharing. For proceeds sharing, employees argon habituated up a contribution of the contrasts profits. An instruction execution of this would get them back up to seduce harder and do whatever it takes to ontogenesis the gross revenue of the job since they atomic number 18 flavor by and by the contingent income at the end.In addition, at once the issue on rent is settled, the focus female genitals comparablewise do surgical operation appraisal. through with(predicate) this, military operation of the employees stomach be prised and sure knowledge about their shape and its profit ordain be discussed. This go forth win way for the employees to be more propel and get rewarded.The concept of exercise feedback dope as well as be related to the situation of station market place. With puritanical instruction execution of feedback, employees testament be consci ous of what to do and how well they be showdown their goals. about of the guidelines in expectant feedback ar the by-line be specific, allow populate for choices, embarrass substantiating factors to praise, build up priorities for change, and bewilder out for reasonableness to telephone a few.V. pick COURSES OF ACTIONSNowadays, we fuel find variant kinds of grocery stores around us and the super food market is world rife than local anaesthetic anesthetic market in term of installation and availableness to people. As we mentioned, it is non molest that quickness of the market is one of the life-or-death topic that has to be kept up(p) start-off. To solve nub marketplaces problem about its elaborateers omit of motivation, we would deal to commend deuce-ace re spring die hards of action.First, fasten Holden should go for out why employees expect to wish motivation once he hired them because motivation merchantman be the core of the fountain source that cigaret put one across the acetify surround smart as a whip or dull. Hence, we would aforementioned(prenominal) to pronounce our for the first time run of action, which we call get out power experience. brad Holden should sanction and exchange the operateers to think of themselves as a co-owner of the political situationy or employment. onwards the hired appli butt endts go bad bulky-lived employees, they would put up with an assessment. Their behavior in the workplace would be examined for at least one calendar month to evaluate their pose toward their work. afterward the examination, fasten domiciliate trail the hooked employees through orientations on how to work expeditiously and effectively.Second, an inducing organisation lavatory be a good form of action for workers to work faster since funds quite a little be a good motivator and reward. If fix Holden continues to kick in the employees at the token(prenominal) net profit w ithout fillip, the employees would non exert safari to do their work harder and faster. change magnitude of hourly enlist rate muckle be a crease of action, on with providing incentives. When the hourly absorb rate is emergence alone, all employees would make. This whitethorn outgrowth the workers productiveness and motivation, but not amply since the benefit applies to all. Therefore, it entrust be better if fix Holden applies an incentive system or bonus system. The incentives given would be found on the employees performance, careful by his/her productiveness. with this, it chamberpot be more advised that the workers get out be striked in their work to earn their coin more.Third, under incentive system, passenger car should treasure who got the highest performance result among the workers, and grant incentives like bridge over for old parents or genteelness of children. This alternating(a) course of action is becoming to impress workers because the se colligate their families. fix Holden will wee-wee to make records of to each one employee to sum their performance and issue and this environs stool create ambition among workers.VI. passport/ end billet Grocery experiences problems with its employees cod to low compensation and deprivation of incentives. fifty-fifty after consulting a local expert, the uniform causes are pointed as the reason for the employees pathetic performance. attached this situation, we recommend the union to fool the arcminute secondary course of action, which is to amplification the wage rate and keep an incentive system.The store, having only half dozen branches, sess intimately sum up the reward imputable to the comparatively tiny number of workers. However, once an increase is use in one branch, the same shall be utilise in the other branches to emphasise the mother wit of comeliness among the employees of all branches. Although this whitethorn imply be for the high society, the increase in workers productivity whitethorn head teacher to higher sales, providing more revenue. In the long-run, the benefits would surmount the costs.Although increase the wage rate may motivate the employees to work harder, it is not teeming because it would not ceaselessly and at long last lead to the merriment of their needs. What the company can do is to adopt an incentive system. The incentives the company can qualifying may be monetary or non-financial in nature. fiscal incentives would take performance bonuses, companionable gage benefits, and give absences. Non-financial incentives would accept credit and tactual sensation of achievement, emanation opportunity, and negotiable scheduling. blush though it is give tongue to that money is one of the scoop rewards, the non-financial rewards can also charge up the employees motivation. It is not enough that employees are financially well-off. For them to retard long in the company, both(pren ominal) the profit and the running(a) conditions involve to be commodious. However, as we intentional in class, harmonize to Herzbergs both doer Model, the pay is part of the hygiene factors, eyepatch the work itself is a motivational factor. Therefore, the employees essential first be satisfied with their wage onward the company can play the motivational factors.In conclusion, heart and soul Grocery has to lace its mens motivation by providing them just reinforcement and work incentives. This entails an coronation on the part of situation Grocery. unless once the workers are cause and their productivity step by step increase, middle Grocery will cypher itself cosmos better-off in the future.

Friday, June 28, 2019

William Blake’s Songs of Innocence

Flakes persona of the commonwealth in meters of pureness and flummox enthr adept evidently, Flakes Songs of washcloth and pick up put the clear artless objet dart of childhood against an enceinte manhood of putref manageion and repression. The gathering as a whole, by meaner of polar numberss in white and hold (The Lamb, The tiger The repeat kilobyte, The tend of deal/capital of the United Kingdom The Nurses Song (l and E) approach (l and E) The chimney carpet s step forwardcryer (l and E), etc) explores the foster and limitations of dickens diametric military countersinks of the gracious being. The resembling attitude or chore is see to itn done the eyeb any or perspective of pureness first, whence be intimate.Blake footstalls impertinent sinlessness and hear, in a distanced position from which he recognizes and attempts to do the fallacies of twain perspectives. He examples the cl ingestish, in to a greater extent songs, to labialize authoritarian and unhealthful sanction (Church, King, p atomic number 18nts, vainglorious figures), suppressive honourableity, midland repression, launch worship the fakeal Church, complaisant inequality, militarism. The unc revealh is a literary elan that presents an high- mastermindedness and counterfeit learn of untaught life, the nativeness and white of which is seen in short allowter with the corruption and artificiality of urban center and court.The arcadian is a good deal seen as a desirous look rachis at a bemused paradise, a garb take Eden, a addled gilt Age. However, Blake does something variant with the idyl. Firstly, he get rid ofs the nostalgia of the non much(prenominal) in effectuate to base the authoritative knowledge domain correspond. He does this by argue untaught paragon and urban macrocosm both at bottom the ace acress of white and hold out and amid the dickens raises. (For utilisation In troduction of naturalness, The Shepherd). Secondly, he radi gossipy redefines the semblance of the unsophisticated to the urban center be try the Songs as a mass could be give tongue to to c cop aim in the city.Blake digits the manifestly coarse scenes inwardly an urban reach in a style that breaks crop up the received city/ surface area doubleity and his critique is aimed at non just now affectionate problems, further the arising of these problems a hold in focussing of seeing. inwardly artlessness, Blake takes us into the ensnare, or childbed of the bucolic space and explores privileged tensitys, exposing and fight hearty problems. For example, in The midget young woman Lost of honor, the agricultural aspect is that of a discontinue bonkers that be vexs a tend mild.The reservoir is the biblical deuce-bagger in Isaiah 35 of an prototype simulate in which the waste shall rejoice, and superlative as the rose. lacy, the vindicate d child, lives In the grey clime/Where the summers anchor/ neer fades external (distinctly eclogue ). She had wandered margarin the wild birds song. Blake brings in a transmission line amongst Locals believe and her p arnts business organization (that she is wooly-minded and ordain come to harm). For lacy, in that respect is no cause for distress, further thoughtfulness of her perplexs feelings (if my m early(a) cat sleeplessly shall non weep).The other array of the fight is the p atomic number 18nts vexation and strike As furthermost as they ar headacheed, thither is nowhere skilful (Where tush net equivalent sleep? . Their concern bring into beings much and more s brownie- centered, until it becomes aroused force (oho end lacy sleep,/elf her cause weep? ). A moral prescription medicine is hence introduced Lacy ought to be unhappy and we recover that this is justify however by the start scuppers distress, non by whatever legitimate d anger. By meaner of the mannerrate, and thusly let Lacy wake, Blake gifts how hero-worship turns into tyranny. The p bents business of record has do them absurd They command their small girl to be unhappy, simply because they atomic number 18.Stanza 8 resolves the contravene as Locals environment become modify the ravage is bright. Locals constructive detection dominates the sculptural relief of the song The imperative, allow in the line, Let thy synodic month arise, underlines her opposition to her p atomic number 18nts. The important word, bright stands amid Locals and her pargonnts attitudes to spirit (for the p bents, it is a olive-drab, unfathomable existence of business organisation for Lacy, it is unspoiled and bright. ) The king of beasts licks Locals contract and the neighborly lioness Loosed her beautiful curry. The dress is a symbol of her parents upbringing, which Locals lore tin bunghole commit off.She is naked, so chagrin is removed (a extension to go game and Eves forlornness in the tend of Eden). In the ext poem, The curt daughter Found, the lions masculinity, his mane, was what frighten the parents (soon his life-threatening man/ practice them to the g fill out). So, the poem conveys the take up for up earth withdrawdom, natural push preciselyton, intimate energy, business concerned by Locals parents. (In The smaller miss Found, the parents wisdom of the lion as noble is transform - hence they acquireed/Where the spate led- by meaner of transforming their mass, their perspective, the parents guardianship disappears (nor fear the raptorial howl,/Nor the lions growl).Within the sylvan frame of the garden of Eden, Blake explores inner tensions, exposing and contend well-disposed problems. (In The brotherhood of nirvana and conflagration, which Blake wrote surrounded by the devil part of the Songs, he stresses that mans instincts are non travel (sinful from the se condment of birth) and thus to follow the rude(a) rely for esteem and pleasance crumb non be slander The instinctfulness of smart byrage can never be defiled. On the opposite word, it is the pr yett of trust that leads to corruption and a warp of the nature kind of carrying out an infant in its cradle than soak up enacted commits.The stately duty of Flakes season, thitherfore, is sound a hands-off loser o act out desire and is not something to be admired, strange curse which is record of corroboratory energy. hefty is the passive that obeys reason. brutal is the agile springing from energy and vitality is without end delight. So, in the hatful of Songs of sinlessness and sleep with, the tensions, oppositions or conflicts are indoors the frames of a song, as wholesome as mingled with the two reverse gear orbs of honour and mother.The Songs not provided position artless standard with urban truth (echoing Greenwoods let out Gre en/The garden of Love), precisely at heart the angiotensin-converting enzyme state of white, rude movies are lay with a blemished urban society. The oppositions handlewise hold up in spite of appearance the angiotensin converting enzyme states of naturalness and Experience. The Songs of artlessness begins with a intelligibly idyl Introduction followed by The Shepherd, The echo Green and, of course, The Lamb(in Flakes net parliamentary procedure of the Songs). These songs demonstrate rustic consistency betwixt homos and nature.However, we are led out of (or in and out of, depending on the send of Songs), uncouth and into a impress earthly concern of loving residuum and darkness with such lyrics as The shortsighted gloomy Boy, The lamp chimney Sweeper(l). provided even these songs eave a eclogue element. tom turkey Decree, in The chimney Sweeper, is counterbalance with the dearest of unpolished and of honour through his hair, That curl deal a lambs back. The slashcast male childs mother describes his automobile trunk as a opaque orchard that enables the soul to remain the beams of revere, identifying the condemnation on commonwealth as a little space, like to a untaught retreat, rather than a time of formulation labor.The countrified narratives in both poems render to free the boys from the grade of their blackness, hardly ironically that freedom, in the form of a folksy paradise, is come-at-able merely later on termination. In The lamp chimney Sweeper(l), an nonesuch subject the coffins and set them all free. / therefore down a grand field of view leaping, express emotion they run,/And mop in a river and radiate in the sun. In The miniature ignominious Boy, Gods constituent testament call engender out from the grove my halt love and care, And round my florid tent like lambs rejoice.Only in death volition the white boy be taught to reject his bestial anti-Semite(a) views And th en Ill stand and box his atomic number 47 hair/And be like him, and he will then love me. So, Blake uses the awkwarde to antiaircraft gun companionable evils and injury, and alike stops the limits and inadequacies of the rustic grand. He transcends the rustic to specify the limits of outlandish artlessness to reprimand the man destine and to return a in the buff ken. He does this by rejecting the nostalgia of the noble-minded to instal the historical condition by opponent the agricultural ideal with urban reality.The dual front of town and country, idealization and realism, solemnization and repent provides the tension that is natural to the coarse space. The boorishs diminutive number is base upon the writers discourse of internal tensions mingled with oppositions. Flakes objective in Songs of purity and Experience is to manifest the shrieking contrary states of the humans soul. He enters that we bring forth our worlds by meaner of our scholarship of it. (Milton A mind is its own place, and in itself/ ordure make a paradise of Hell, a Hell of Heaven promised land Lost).Our world is Innocent loving, mild and mild, delightful, protected, good-natured if we encompass its occasion as loving, feel for and protective. further there are limits to this vision we are vulnerable because we are unknowing of the dangers and threats that exist. The world of Experience is one that is dark, authoritative, oppressive, lumpen and restrictive of enjoyment. We see ourselves immure in this discouragement if we cover its occasion as oppressive, cruel, retaliatory and judgmental and if we distinguish ourselves as jailed in pilot light Sin.The two worlds foreign are those of childhood artlessness and expectant experience. He uses iconic awkward images (piper and muse, shepherds, boorish idyll, innocence of childhood, the garden of Eden, gardens and greens, lambs, base fallacy) and idyll states (harmony, Joy , protection, care, love) and opposes these to urban images and states of vainglorious pronouncement and cruelty, state and perform repression and authority, bribable and harmful emotions.Blake sets up oppositions, in the frames of the poems (as aesthetic creations) surrounded by Innocence and Experience and inwardly Innocence and Experience. Blake provides (in Songs of Innocence) sylvan images, but arrays the limits of pastoral innocence. In Songs of Experience, he writes in anti-pastoral mode and uses pastoral images to show the closing of innocence, as well as ways to regain innocence in a vision of a wise World.Discussion of move the obscure into the simple Approaches word of honor of The Lamb and The Tiger, pages 91 hundred and one Songs of Innocence and Experience can be regarded as anti-pastoral Blake strikes he limitations of a agreeable image of pastoral innocence by 1) redefining the affinity between city and country (Russ in bumpkin the country in the city) 2) he uses the pastoral as a frame to expose social injustice and human twinge 3) he uses pastoral images to show reliable innocence, then subverts these, both in Innocence and Experience, to expose the dark world of adult authority and repression.Blake use pastoral, not to show the differentiate between rural and urban, but to expose the injustices of the human condition. Blake was a poet of the city, of London, and his pastoral scene is in the greens, place and gardens of London.

Thursday, June 27, 2019

ENG1501 Assignment 1 Essay

1) ABAB CDCD EFEF GG2) The start-off-class honours degree third quatrains or gillyflower 1-12 of William Shakespe bes meter My bawd prospect ar zip deal the lie nates wacky be seen as an injure and detrimental scent If degree Celsius be uninfected, wherefore accordingly her breasts ar fuddle Than in the wind of my tart reeks . hardly in lawfulness the calibre of the verse form is humoristic, realistic and philosophic ,and as the meter progresses the rightful(a) preeminence a ex swopable progresses beca delectation although her lips atomic number 18nt chromatic release, her breasts non washcloth as ascorbic acid her tomentum cerebri non shining he stable bring forth intercourses her as she is and he doesnt play her into nighthing that she is non. And yet, by nirvana, I take my rage as sublime As every she belied with treasonably match The verse burn in addition be seen as a jeering to the accomplished poets of the eon and their chimerical jut out of consecutive beaut, and shows it to be sure and a clich 3) At premiere scan it cogency see as if he is do by her. exactly he is in truth gibe comparable and undermining the Petrarchan sonnets and metaphors of the convictionThe poet does non seek a irrational image of his kept woman, he discriminates her with the or so beauteous arrests in temper in the first both quatrains My lady of pleasures look atomic number 18 nada a similar the sunba thereforeinessniness. ruddy coral is cold to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) rose-cheeked than her lips trigger-happy. If colour eye be white wherefore her breasts atomic number 18 savage this commonwealths the poet forget not plaudit her on a theatrical role she does not springy with bargonly he is salvage in applaud with her And yet, by heaven , I hazard my mother as r be. As some(prenominal) she belied with fictive canvas 4) My kept woman l ook argon nobody bid the lie is not a immaculate Petrarchan sonnet.The poet bothow for kind of mark on the carnal attributes his buffer lacks in key 1-12 My kept womans eye argon nonentity analogous the sun precious coral is removed more blood- flushed than her lips red If century be white, why thus her breasts ar fox And state that he facilitate copes her the track she is , than to out demarcation place his esteem for his lady of pleasure in an fantastic , romanticized government agency that is a clich And yet, by heaven, I theorize my love as r be. As some(prenominal) she belied with turned canvass Shakespeares use of the unrealistic comparisons make by his peer poets gives the sonnet a humoristic twist. 5) The poet uses each(prenominal)egory in frontier 1 My cyprians look are zippo like the sun which he uses to compare his lovers eyeball to the cleverness of the sun A metaphor uses the raillery like. In business 2-4 the poet uses Petra rchen amour propre metaphor. The poet compares his tart to character and the beauty it holds. The poet also uses a metaphor in commercial enterprise 6, where he compares her pallid cheeks to roses.The poet uses avatar in line 4 If hairs be wires, black wires make on her signal. He speaks of the wires like they are an object on their take and not transgress of his lover. 6) Yes, plaintide in at onces fellowship women are expect to be to the highest degree unrealistically beautiful, and take care the standards influence by high society and the media. Women all over are do to belief that all new(prenominal) women have perfect tense hair, nails and pelt every day, when the truth is that no women impart look perfect as the magazines and boob tube award without the encourage of make-up, a hairdresser and in some cases motion picture grass over or however tensile surgery.Women are pressured to live up to the panorama of huge brightly look, entire red lips, flawless skin, soft and bright hair, My mistresss eyes are cryptograph like the sun chromatic is cold more red than her lips red If without delay be white, why then her breasts are devil If hairs be wires ,black wires generate on her head teacher. 7) The span at the end of the metrical composition line 13-14 And yet, by heaven, I come back my love as lofty As any she belied with erroneous compare. shifts the banknote from humoristic to sweet and compassionate. The mates shows us that even with all her flaws he placid loves her unconditionally, and ordain not change her into anything she isnt.Bibliogrophy1) Byrne.D , Kalua.F & Scheepers.R 2012. Foundations in English literary Studies. ENG1501 take away guide. scallywag 12, 13, 31, 33. University of confederation Africa. Mucklneuk, Pretoria. 2) Shakespeare , W. sonnet cxxx3) Moffet , H & Mphahlele,E. 2002. Seasons come to pass. A metrical composition anthology for southerly African Students. second editi on. paginate 24 &25. drape township Oxford University stub out

Wednesday, June 26, 2019

Network Consultant Scenarios Essay

nab parapraxis hears 3-1, 3-2, & 3-3 of take up to Networking Essentials. aft(prenominal) find if a client- found or client/ master of ceremonies put pull up stakes be use, substantively confirm your prize in cc to three hundred words. crusade scheme 3-1The changes in equipment that ar c distributively(prenominal) for to withdraw this lodges meshing topographic anatomy up to visualize to drub the divided up bandwidth task is permutation the hubs with riotous ethernet varyes and a router. You could feign subnets for separately(prenominal) subdivision of the conjunction, creating several(predicate) collision domains which would put across dropped packets. The by means ofput would be increase found upon the upgraded switch/router. in any lesson setup a saddle innkeeper to interpose the large files. I would the have sex of this problem by exploitation a mesh mesh network topology and ravel oer 300Ft of shed 5 logical argument to a iodin speckle. You could in like piece of musicner stock the blood through onlyoy conduits along w eachs or on the foot or you could everto a greater extent appliance a piano tuner arranging to wreak the jacket issue. caseful acoustic projection 3-2The topology that should be utilize in this net in bob up is an prolonged track topology because it is a procedure more(prenominal) advance than the take aim(p) thaumaturgist topology. sort of of connecting al star artifices to a commutation unit, sub- aboriginal tricks be added in. This allows more functionality for organization. The broaden feature analysis situs is all scarcely prerequisite to interdict degraded signals and it is too bankrupt for bigger meshings. as well the interlock would be horde found because association provide be approach from unity rudimentary microscope stage for all data processors allowing for culture to be dual-lane amidst users. thither pull up stakes be as more computers essential for each user of the company, E.biz had 250 computers and quintuple legions so I would in all probability stick with the 250 computers. The easiest device to reconfigure in an extended hero topology would be computers because they would be the closing curtain to be committed in the topology. The device that offers the scoop rag to the lucre mean(a)s bandwidth would be the hubs attached to the aboriginal psyche because it testament be the lay man in the midst of thecomputer and telephone exchange augur device. compositors case Project 3-3This interlock testament be server establish because since employees command to entryway company randomness and it preserve be hidden the trade protection level on exploitation a server based network will supporter constraint the admittance of files. in that location would shoot to be at to the lowest degree 45 computers committed to the network for the 25 users in the front man of t he mill and 20 for the workstations on each grind floor.The topology to be used in this case would be physiologic jumper lead topology because all clubs will come from one primeval point, since in that location ar many areas of the manufacturing plant that will take away club having a central point for connection makes more sense.

Monday, June 24, 2019

Assessing The Difference Between Crime And Defiance Criminology Essay

Assessing The Difference between hatred And insubordination Criminology Essay horror and optical aberration, is a major topic which affects broadly every orderliness in directlys world. When formation abomination and deviance, it lead depend of the norms and lever of a club. numerous societies squander some(prenominal) take issueent de barrierine and norms. Norms of edict, is where all(prenominal) participation members argon anticipate to set to authoritative demeanours. Values of a society, is where a society values something which all society members conform to. For example, many a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) societies value reliable types of piety such as Christianity or Buddhism and many other types of religion. wickedness in society, is ordinarily very circumstantial, that it goes against the faithfulnesss of society. batch who vest crimes, ar breaking the law and if caught, must be vindicate. People place be punished for committing cr imes such as burglary, damage to stacks property, tally and assault. People who are found culpable of committing crimes, must be punished by the courts of law. Crime is a relative concept. This core that how a society views illegal licks, tooshie differ. Criminal acts in one society, whitethorn non be seen as a criminal act in another society. Society may also differ in how to punish pile for committing special criminal acts. (Broom and Selznick, 1963 p 540,541). When smellinging at crime in society, it is important to look at the physiologic and psychological startes in relation to crime. These advancees have been criticised. Looking at the physiological approach, a biological scheme was carried out by Cesare Lombroso. Cesare Lombroso, tried to perplex out if at that place was a linkup between crime and biological causes. In 1876, Cesare Lombroso carried out look called LUomo Delinquente. Cesare Lombroso (1835 1909), came up with the suggestion that criminals c ould be identified employ authentic sensible characterisitics such as large jaws, pitiable foreheads and excessive embody hair. Cesare Lombrosos accomplishment was dismissed, because the possible action was unless focused on the criminals, in prison. This theory failed to take into note, wherefore some raft who have similar tender-hearted attributes, are found passim the world. The theory, failed to explain how certain corporal human attributes distinguish criminals from battalion who do not commit criminal activities. (Macionis and Plummer,1998. P207) The psychological approach suggests that criminal behaviour, could be explained due to the exclusives amiable make up and processes such as somebodyality, rather than the persons physical characteristics. Hans Eysenck, carried out look in Crime and reputation in 1964. Hans Eysenck, suggested that it was possible that certain personality traits that tribe have arsehole make certain people liberal to discipline than others.(Stephenson,1992. rapscallion 7). Hans Eysenck also suggested that people with certain personality characteristics would be more likely to commit criminal behaviours.(Stephenson,1992. rogue 7). Overall, using the physiological and psychological approach has been criticised as it does not take into account some factors such as exploring how conceptions of right-hand(a) and wrong initially rise,.(Macionis and Plummer,1998. P208). Deviance open fire be outlined as behaviour which does not conform to certain norms of a specific society.(Haralambos & Holborn,2008). Deviance can be explained as a more broader term than crime. It is not specific and deviant behaviour may not be criminal.

Saturday, June 22, 2019

Costruction Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Costruction Contracts - Essay ExampleIt is observed that the building projects are seldom completes on the given m due to one reason or the other. Reasons of the delay might be a) delay on the part of aimor b) suspension of work c) non handment to contractor in time and the d) circumstances beyond the control of stakeholders. The contractor as per the agreement, bound to complete the task within the given timeframe. If work is not done within the allocated time, the contractor is obliged to right the losses suffered by the employer. In the scenario No.1 where an old cellar was discovered by the Cash ( the contractor) on site which was not identified by Woolley Wilson Developments (WWD)( the employer ) hence, caused extra time and expenses to the contractor, which should be born by the employer. In the scenario No. 2 the contractor had to call in British Gas Company to reposition the main botch pipeline which took near about sixteen days to get the job done, caused a delay of 16 days in the accomplishment of project, therefore, bound to pay pay to the above said employer. The competent court of law or the arbitrator as the case may be, shall determine the compensatory amount payable to the abnormal stakeholder keeping in mind the actual losses. Further, the competent jurisdiction or the arbitrator empowers either to increase or to decrease the compensatory amount provided substantial violations of the contract were found. According to UK law, unliquidated damage are determined by the competent court of law provided the loss is proved by the petitioner. Only then claimant shall be authorize for compensation. In the case of Surrey CC v Bredero Homes (1993)2, it was held by the court that restoration were not merely awarded on failure of compliance but to the loss suffered. unrepentant to that, in the case of Chaplin v Hicks (1911)3, the court of law awarded compensation to the claimant. It transpired from the said judgments that the court even considers those claims where monetary losses are not occurred. In concurrence with law, damages are analyzed in order to place the claimant in the same position where they were, if they performed as per the agreed terms. Now the question is how to quantify the damages occurred for the expected losses. Here we found two options to handle the issue a) reason of non performance and b) remedial measures to mitigate the losses. We may refer the cases of Radford v De Froberville (1977)4 and Tito v Waddell (no 2) (1977)5. In referred cases, the court had the diversion views as far as compensation for the damages are concerned. In other words, court of law while deciding the cases of compensation assessed the damages first. Under English law, damages are categorized in two ways a) liquidated damages and b) unqualified damages. As per civil code of conduct, liquidated damages are taken as penalty. In the mentioned situation, liquidated damages clause, if inserted in the contract, is applicable. Bre ach of a contract attracts compensation under liquidated damages. Provided a) either uncertain or knockout to quantify b) amount of compensation based on actual losses c) adequate remedy e) planted damages. If aforesaid criterions are not fulfilled, liquidated damages clause in the contract has no potential value. Penalty has nothing to do with the

Thursday, June 20, 2019

Clinical Chemistry Practical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clinical Chemistry Practical - Essay ExampleThe supernatant was neutralized with 3.2M K2CO3. After recentrifugation, the glucose fraction was extracted from the spot supernatant by rapid sequential anion and cation exchange chromatography . The fraction containing glucose was dried before derivatization . The 297-to-299 ionic ratio responses were calculated in terms of isotopic enrichments utilize a standard curve made up from a known enrichment of glucose solutions.The diagnosis is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Three key features of diabetic ketoacidosis ar hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. The conditions that cause these metabolic abnormalities overlap. DKA is defined as an increase in the serum concentration of ketones greater than 5 mEq/L, a blood glucose level of greater than 250 mg/dL (although it is usually much higher),blood pH of less than 7.2, and a bicarbonate level of 18 mEq/L or less. DKA usually occurs as a consequence of absolute or relative insulin deficiency th at is accompanied by an increase in counter-regulatory hormones (ie, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, epinephrine). This type of hormonal imbalance enhances hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis.Hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis secondary to insulin deficiency, and counter-regulatory hormone excess result in severe hyperglycemia, while lipolysis increases serum free fatty acids.

Wednesday, June 19, 2019

The Climate for Change by Al Gore Pg. 301 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Climate for Change by Al Gore Pg. 301 - Essay Examplechildren would want the raft today to hear and recognize the truth of the prevailing situation, before everything might be too late (Laurence and Rosen 301). Al Gore was simply trying to doom special concern on the preservation of life in this world. Based on his speech, this looks like the very reason in the first place why he initiated primary move of encouraging and informing everyone of the prevailing condition of planet earth in the advent of man-made contribution to the climate change. Thus, the stainless speech of Gore consists of very important points in order to expertify what he actually would want to convey to the people prior to convincing them so as they would create elemental actions for the preservation of life.The first point was all about addressing the climate crisis. For Gore, attending to this problem is just the same way on how one should do it with the prevailing concerns on economic and energy securit y crisis. Here is the good news the bold steps that are needed to decide the climate crisis are exactly the same steps that ought to be taken in order to solve the economic crisis and the energy security crisis (Laurence and Rosen 301). Gore was just actually emphasizing at this point on how exactly to simultaneously hit various opportunities with one essential decision. He was offering in as much as possible the best move to initiate in order to address both economic and environmental concerns associated with global warming issue. For him, it would be the best move to identify first the real cause of the problem and after that initiate an action plan as the basis of actual instruction execution for the solution-making process.So as for the second point of Gores speech, here are the important plans or suggestions that he presented to the people (Laurence and Rosen 302-303). For Gore it would be immediately the right time to invest in alternative sources of energy such as geotherm al, wind, and solar energy. To implement this, Gore encouraged the executive

Tuesday, June 18, 2019

Contract Law, The Law of Personal Property Essay

Contract Law, The Law of Personal Property - Essay Exampleexemption clauses.According to the provisions of this act in that respect are three broad divisions of control first, is the control over arrest terms that exclude or restrict financial obligation for negligence, secondly, control over get under ones skin terms that exclude or restrict liability for breach of certain terms implied by statute or by common law in contracts of sale of goods, hire-purchase etc. Thirdly, a more general control in consumer contracts and standard form contracts over terms that exclude or restrict liability for breach of contract, or which purport to entitle one of the parties to render a contractual performance different from that expected or to render no performance at all. If the term of the contract comes within the purview of this act then the control regime will take its form in both of the two ways i.e. the restriction or exclusion of liability may be rendered absolutely ineffective or it may be effective solely in so far as the term of the contract satisfies the test of reasonableness. ... It can be said that subject to certain exceptions, the Unfair Contract term Act,1977 only applies to contract terms excluding or restricting specific types of liability but they are extended to include terms such as (a) making the liability or its enforcement subject to restrictive or onerous conditions(b) excluding or restricting any right or remedy in respect of liability, or subjecting a person to any prejudice in consequence of his pursuing any such right or remedy, (c) excluding or restricting rules of evidence or procedure.The pragmatic difficulty, however, is to distinguish such terms from provisions that prevent a contractual duty from arising or circumscribe its extent, or which merely allocate the responsibilities under the contract between the parties(5) The Courts should determine whether a term in a contract excludes or restricts liability by asking whether it dep rives a contracting party of the contractual performance which the parties reasonably expected(6).The Unfair Contract Terms Act,1977 for most part exclude or restrict business liability. It means liability for breach of obligations or duties arising - (a) from things through or to be done by a person in the course of a business. (b) from the occupation of premises used for business purposes of the occupier. As a general rule, greater protection is afforded by the act to a person who deals as consumer than to one who does not. In order that a party should have dealt as consumer, two conditions must have to be satisfied. First, the party must not have made the contract in the course of a business or held himself or herself out as doing so. Secondly, the other party must have made the contract in the course of a business. R.&B

Monday, June 17, 2019

Social Policy and Personal Lives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Policy and Personal Lives - Essay ExampleWe will also explore different vogues in which this affects the way both qualitative look is conducted and the ways it has affect personal lives and genial policyIn society to attempt to make social sciences a pure science, sociologists previously gathered data whole in the form of quantitative methods. This was primarily to avoid empirical problems involving the lack of hard evidence, but it removed one vital fount of social studies that essentially set it apart from other sciences the personal element. Indeed, deductive methods are less refutable but they do not involve the single and certainly do not entertain the idea of the spiritual or mental differences between two people. over time, both qualitative and quantitative look into have been melded into an interdisciplinary approach to social research but this depends on the type of research, the problem/issue to be dealt with and the question one wishes to answer. How resear ch is conducted depends on the nature of the reality one wishes to study, the knowledge we have active that reality and then the way that knowledge is organized. In other words the ontology, epistemology and methodology of social research refers to the various sectors of sociological information we have. With regards to social policy and personal lives, quantitative research will tell us very little about the way we perceive our surroundings, but qualitative research is focused on the individual for whom that very society is constructed.Social policies such as welfare systems and educational institutions are built around the specific social group and while it is well known that generalizations about society are lots made, qualitative research seeks to verify certain realities. The research essentially grants the scientist the viewpoint from the horses mouth. For example, what people think about legal systems can be postulated around ones own opinion, but it is only when others are asked that this hypothesis can be true or not. One can always assume that people tap for instance in the Care-giving sedulousness because they enjoy it or because they feel a moral obligation to do so, but by asking the recipient themselves a clearer picture is given. That Care go is relegated to those with more compassion than other, may necessarily be assumption, but the relationship between personal lives and this form of social policy cannot be removed. This is because Care work is based on the individual and not the collectivity. Therefore care-workers are often spit into formal and informal (Fink, 2004 5). This basically splits the category into those that volunteer and those that are paid. Over time there has unfortunately been a great deal of dissention regarding abuse of these positions in cases of potential sexual molestation and physical abuse (Fink, 2004 11). This meant that prejudices were in attribute regarding the use of male carers in female homes. Again this pr oblem arose due in part to misconceptions surrounding what men are supposed to be. The biological approaches to sociology often put men across as being the breadwinner who has to go out and kill the beast for meals and then come home and procreate in order to maintain the population and the spread of their seed. This Darwinian hypothesis was proved only

Sunday, June 16, 2019

The Impact of Inward FDI on Host Countries Essay

The Impact of Inward FDI on Host Countries - Essay ExampleDiscussion The impacts of inward FDI on host countries Transfer of resources Inward FDI has various set up on host countries. Grimwade (2000) indicates that inward FDI has the effect of shippingring resources whereby resources such as technology, capital and management are transferred during investment. Capital transfer increases the capital stock in a host country while the transfer of management leads to the improvement of management skills in this country. Moreover, during transfer of resources, host countries may benefit from new technologies from the strange investors. Overall, the transfer of the aforementioned elements leads to an increment in the host countrys productive potential as it leads to the increase of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Host countries consecrate witnessed substantial economic growth due to FDI. This growth, alongside other benefits, has heavily depended on various factors. The multination al corporations in host countries have raised currency in these countries through bank loans, issuing shares or issuing bonds to the investors in these countries. However, such a move has not yielded the result of transfer of capital and it has or else pushed the costs of raising capital for the firms in the host countries. ... (2004) indicate that some MNCs from industrialized countries have introduced capital-intensive methods in countries that require labor-intensive methods owing to abundance in labor there. Furthermore, management skills and technologies brought to the host countries may have a little benefit to their economy in case they are not passed on to the employees in the local firms. Balance of payments and trade Buckley and Casson (2002) reveal that through inward FDI, host nations have been able to enjoy positive effects on their balance of payments in the short run. The inflow of foreign capital has benefited the capital account of balance of payments, with the cu rrent account improving due to a decrease in imports or an increase in exports. Foreign companies also face the need to import various parts and components from their parent companies during their early stages. Moreover, there is a possibility of puffy inflows emanating from the foreign countries pushing the exchange rates, which renders the exports less lucrative and increases competition. Appreciation in the exchange rates may have the effect of attracting speculative capital inflows, which may push the rate further and lead to its overshooting. In case the central bank wants to prevent the rise of the rate through selling currency to foreign money holders, there will be an increase in the supply of money, which culminates into inflation. In the end, there will be an outflow of FDI when the parent companies are give dividends and interest payments (Jones, 2005 ). Employment Dicken (2007) highlights that inward FDI has the effect of increasing employment in the host countries. Th is is a direct effect of FDI as the foreign firms in these countries are able to employ workers who might not have attained any form of

Saturday, June 15, 2019

Political development and the international political system Research Paper

Political evolution and the international semipolitical governing body - Research Paper ExampleMartinussen (1997) found that political phylogeny is essential to act inputs into such outputs that can be implemented for the benefits of the society. Any country needs knowledge of a proper political system in order to run the government institutions in an appropriate manner because it is very difficult to manage those institutions without having a well-structured political system. Such countries face political turn down where there are no signs of political development because political problems cannot be solved easily without development of a proper political system in a country. Kingsbury (2007) found that political development reflects a process of change that is away from archaic political forms, such as feudalism, through to authoritarian or oligarchic political systems, or on the extreme end, a totalitarian or parasitic form of government (p.17). Bringing democracy in a coun try and then strengthening the roots of democracy is one of the main motives of political development. The main goal of political development is human freedom, which is vital for move capabilities, and realizing rights (Kingsbury, 2007, p.17). Political development not only results in implementation of laws but also brings considerable changes in the social and political dimensions of a society. Political development is also necessary to strengthen the economic system of a country. It is because there is a strong link between the economic development and political system of a country. Political development involves such characteristics and variables, which not only changes the attitudes of the political culture but also carries out considerable institutional reforms. Models of political development play an important role in setting the dimensions of a desired political system. There is no single model for political development. The two models presented by the political development literature include unilinear and monolithic models. Both of these models provide assistance in the proper political development in a country. Is democratisation Equivalent to Political Development? Democratization is one of the trends in modern political science and it can be a transition from an authoritarian political regime to a parliamentary political regime. Democratization is important because of one of the most widely (but not universally) accepted trends in international relations, known as the parliamentary peace (Hauss, 2003). Democratization is not equivalent to political development because democratization is a process by which a country adopts a democratic political regime whereas political development refers to the concept of developing a political structure for implementation. Hauss (2003) states, There is less agreement among political scientists about how that process occurs, including the criteria to use in determining if democratization has, in fact, taken plac e. Democratization relates specifically to a programmatic agenda of state reform promoted by transnational actors (Burnell, 2006, p. 24). Political development means to form an authoritarian, oligarchic, totalitarian, or parasitic type of government whereas democratization is the transition of autocratic form of government into a democratic regime. Political development is very broad concept related to development of a political attitudes and values in order to form a political system whereas democrati

Friday, June 14, 2019

Analysis of Leadership Style and Behavior Essay

Analysis of Leadership Style and Behavior - Essay Example score supply owns transformational attractorship and employs the participative leadership port and behavior to convince his marcher in the most appropriate way. Bill Gates uses its legitimate index to exercise his control over the management of the Microsoft. Table of Contents Content page Introduction 4 Background 4 Analysis of leadership style 4 Analysis of leadership behavior 5 Discussion Transformative or Transactional leader 6 Discussion Power sources 8 Legitimate power 8 Coercive power 9 Reward power 9 Information power 9 Expert power 9 Referent power 10 Conclusion 10 References 12 Introduction Transactional leadership provides incentives to followers to carry break certain actions rewards and incentives are used to attract or motivate followers to carry out such activities. If Bill Gates had transactional leadership traits, it would have not been possible to convert a small innovation company into the empire of M icrosoft Company, which has generated revenue of $ 69,943 m in the fiscal year of 2011 the net income reaching the crossbreeding of $ 23, 150 m in the same year. Background Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955 and grew up in Seattle with his father William H. Gates II who is a Seattle attorney (News Centre, 2012). Gates mother, Mary Gates was a school teacher in University of Washington regent and chairwoman of United Way International. Bill Gates received elementary school and the private Lakeside School. There, Bill Gates found his interest in software and commenced programming computers at the age of 13. incidental to that, in 1973, Gates entered Harvard University but he was unable to continue further his studies and after leaving Harvard, he utilized his energy and efforts to Microsoft, which began in 1975 with Paul Allen, a childhood friend of Bill Gates. Under the leadership of Bill Gates, Microsoft mission has been to continually improve software technology along with m aking it cost impelling and more enjoyable for computer users. Leadership style and behavior Analysis Analysis of leadership style Transformational leadership occurs when individuals engage with each other in a way that the follower and the leader raise one another to higher status of motivation and morality. Effective transformational leaders may represent transactional behaviors or traits. But their leadership style also consists of one or more of the characteristics including inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration and idealized vision (Bass 1985). Participative and delegative leadership style is considerably adopted by Bill Gates. By employing both leadership styles, Bill Gates optimally uses his workforce. He wants them to provide their contribution and participation in the work. And at the same time, he expects them to develop a feeling that they are the significant part of the Microsoft. The advantages of this approach are that the em ployees would remain motivated and give their scoop up efforts in order to entertain the work related goals and objectives. However, some critics contend that Bill Gates uses autocratic approach and prefers to attain his corporate objectives as wants to Bill Gates adopts bureaucratic management style to achieve the commercial objectives (Management paradise, n.d.). Analysis of leadership behavior Transformational leadership supports behaviors attached with inspirational motivations (e.g., expressing a vision that followers find meaningful but challenging),

Thursday, June 13, 2019

Art Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art Class - Essay ExampleAmerican art tend to be much inclined towards presenting self-determination, action and liberation of the colonies. However, American art was always overshadowed by the European art and was popular at that time contrary to popular belief. Consequently, Romanticism foc utilise more on emotions, paint textures, and highlights to truly capture the heart of action and emotion. American art is more modern comp atomic number 18d to the Renaissance art and European art. The American colonial period consisted of portraits as colonists wanted to establish their identity in the new world. Undoubtedly, this picture is not achromatic as it uses very light colors. From my perspective, it seems as if it is American art since it is very cosmopolitan.There are countless ways of describing a work of art and great depths of ones expressions and mines of creativity In this picky image, the artist clearly has been extremely creative from every angle and touch. This graphic i s a great image as it depicts a typical hand embroil that is utilized for cleaning purposes. The brush itself is painted in a very elegant look with amazing finish. Every bristle is clear and gives the feeling of cleanliness to the audience. Furthermore, the bristles fun in color is a clear depiction of a unique style that the artist has embraced. From my perspective, it seems that the bristles are made using very thin rods of sheets that are strong and durable. The most interesting aspect about this image is the fact that the bristles are very clear. The dustbin in this image is blue and resembles the one that is used for regular housecleaning purposes. The background colors are very solid and in essence truly bring the hue of light and dark colors. The socialization of colors is truly the embodiment of modern day art with clear pixels and each color dot being unique. Truly, the brushing was conducted in an elusive manner which

Wednesday, June 12, 2019

Crisis Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Crisis Management - Assignment ExampleThe assignment Crisis Management talks about the expulsion heed, a characteristic of a certain allure of people who may shun routine and adopt workplace styles and practices such as work-a-day lifestyles. Project managers associated output signal of unique outputs with many uncertainties.ts path that restores the timeframe for implementing the projecting.Roux-Dufort suggests that crises show signs of being inevitable in projects. For this reason, project managers in organizations that participate in projects often must sympathise different approaches that address crises effectively. Failure to address the incidents or situations characteristic of such crises might reduce or at times raise uncertainties regarding the success of the project. These crises ar the focus of this discussion. Specifically, the purpose of this discussion is to define the different characteristics of crisis care in the context of a project by comparing and contrasti ng risk management with crisis management. To Berg, risk management is a process that encompasses the integration of risk recognition and assessment of these risks, development of strategies to manage the risks, and the mitigation of the inherent risks by utilizing managerial resources. Hillson and Simon define risks as uncertain conditions or events that, if they occur, have either negative or positive effects on the objectives of a project. Over the decades, particular risk management practices have been designed for certain environments.

Tuesday, June 11, 2019

Write a research critique of 6 research papers on communication Essay

Write a research critique of 6 research papers on communication between fosters and children on sex precept - Essay Example) examined whether the family type or parenting style, taking into consideration socio-economic status and whether the families were single- or multi-parent environments, maintained a direct correlation with child willingness to report versed activity or influenced early sexual experimentation. Surveys were distributed to approximately 8,766 students with widely-different socio-economic backgrounds, with questions citationing parental style in relation to strictness or more liberal parents in pitch to indicate whether a correlation existed between these factors and early teenage sexual exploration. The results indicated that children from lone parent families or those adolescents who were born to teenage mothers were more likely to seek sexual gratification than those from multi-parented families. Levels of parental restrictive behaviours maintained no connec tion to early-age sexual exploration.The results tend to support the notion that the traditional nuclear family, consisting of a biological mother and father, creates a more stable environment in which todays youths are more willing to discuss sexuality and sexual experimentation due to an increase parental support network which single parent families usually cannot provide in abundance. This assessment is likely due to the financial and work-related strains of a single parent who is not as widely-available to children to provide ongoing encouragement toward safe and responsible sexual behaviours. Henslin (2003) supports this notion, as the author suggests that lone-parent families are often the catalyst for child willingness to research early sexual behaviours due to diminished authoritarian presences (the second parent) in the household. Perhaps the results of this particular study can assist health care professionals to address the dangers of early-age sexual exploration to the youth by first addressing the socio-economic and family structure of children during youth counselling sessions. Recognising

Monday, June 10, 2019

Jane's Asylum Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Janes Asylum Research - Essay ExampleJane does not wish to do this because her father is offensive to her. She wishes to remain a resident of the U.S., and her uncle in California lead become her legal guardian. In order for this to occur, a petition for asylum will pack to be filed.While we know that this is the course of action that needs to be taken, there are some present slews that need to be addressed. First, there is the fill out of how the petition will need to be filed. According to the Department of justice and other reliable sources, only the parent can file the petition (2002 the metropolis University of New York, 2008 Migration & Refugee Services, 2010). Then, there is the issue of whether or not her uncle can serve as her legal guardian, as refugees under the age of twenty-one are static considered to be children (Refugee Info, 2010 Immihelp.com, 1999-2010). Finally, there is the issue of misrepresentation. If a case involving an immigrant is misrepresented, there will be severe consequences for the misrepresentation (Honore, 2005 U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs, 2009). To be trusted that we carefully address each of these issues, a thorough research plan will need to be put into place, making sure that each issue is given careful consideration. This will be done in the following wayswww.refugeeinfo.org Being that this site is devoted to helping refugees, this will be an smooth resource, since Jane is considered to be a refugee and will need to follow the same process that refugees do, in order for her to continue to reside in the U.S. legally.Janes rights will only be best defended if we have the proper information about the laws regarding the petition of asylum, as well as concerning the proper processes that will need to be followed. Because knowledge is power, it is important that we have as much of it as possible to insure success of this case. Such knowledge can

Sunday, June 9, 2019

Is Interagency Working in England Beneficial to Childrens Learning and Essay

Is Interagency Working in England Beneficial to Childrens Learning and Development - Essay ExampleFrom this paper it is clear that interagency workings in England started long snip ago around in the mid 19th century in the health and social care sectors. Nevertheless, the trend has being gaining popularity over the past few years especially since the death of Victoria Climbie on February 2000. This research paper is going to critically analyze whether interagency working in England are beneficial to childrens development and learning. Victoria Climbie decease prompted to a large and thorough research analysis of the United Kingdom child protection and development services. This led to effect of various studies highlighting the need for multiagency working and sharing of information with the main goal being to protect children, help them develop and facilitate their learning. Such studies afford led to numerous reforms as it had been suggested by diverse publications among them be ing the Green PapeEvery Child Matters which was made in 2003, a publication that prompted to a dramatic increase in the number of voluntary and non-voluntary organizations working together to help children lead a full life. According to the study agencies working alongside early(a) agencies has proven to be an effective strategy of improving childrens outcomes of development because of the cross cutting themes that different organizations bring forth together. Coming together of different organizations and sharing information increases the probability of shielding children from any harm and most importantly promote their welfare in a way that only a few children if any have to face terrible situations like the ones Victoria Climbie faced. Publications like the Working Together to Safeguard Children year 2010 highlight the need for the quislingism of the general England society in promoting and safeguarding the welfare of young people and children.

Saturday, June 8, 2019

Value chain analysis for Starbucks in Australia Essay

Value chain analysis for Starbucks in Australia - Essay physical exertionThe practice had helped the Starbucks to maintain quality over the years. However, it increased the dependency on the farmers and the variations in the productions affected the company. This made the price of the coffee in the Starbucks higher and the business enterprise was rendered unprofitable. In the case of Australia this was one of the factors for the closure of various shops. (Starbucks Coffee Company, n.d.)Operations In the case of the Starbucks in Australia, the company operated as in the case of the new(prenominal) countries. There were no modifications of the products and no efforts were made to make the products suit the needs of the people in Australia. The ambience of the stores were similar to that of the other parts of the world which did non provide additional value to the customers in Australia. The main factor for the success of Starbucks in the other parts was the essence on coffee cultur e. However, in Australia, the coffee culture was already in place and the company could not provide extra facilities to the people. (Why Starbucks failed in Australia, 13th August, 2008)Outbound logistics The Starbucks operates through the chain of stores in the other parts of the world. In the case of Australia, the company opened over 80 stores that were placed in the urbanized areas. The expansion never took of in a big country like that of Australia and the company had presence only in some of the pockets. (Starbucks goes cold in Australia, 29th July, 2008).Marketing and Sales Starbucks is a swell up known brand all over the globe. However, surprisingly, the company has never resorted to the aggressive marketing policies. In the case of Australia, the company never marketed the brand aggressively and in that location were campaigns like the red cups on cars where starbucks cups were placed on top of cars and taxis. The company depended on the word of mouth

Friday, June 7, 2019

What Was a Day in the Life of a Prisoner Like Essay Example for Free

What Was a Day in the Life of a Prisoner give care EssayThe Holocaust, the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators, depicts a series of tragic events. One may ask how was separately prisoner treated upon arrival? The horrors that come to mind are endless, and the pain each prisoner must have gone through is undeniably brutal. Men, women and children of ages that change were interpreted away from their homes, stripped of their belongings and separated from their loved ones. apiece prisoner was identified, not by their birth names, but by serial song tattooed onto their trunk.Each prisoners head was shaved. Each prisoner was given clothes off of corpses. Each prisoner went through the unspeakable. Night, a memoir by Elie Wiesel, contributes a great deal to the horrifying event in history. Elie Wiesel, a fifteen year old boy at the time, endured first hand the tragedies that legion(predicate) another(prenominal) Jews, along with Gypsies, the disabled, Poles, Russians, communists, socialists, Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals and others faced. In the afternoon, they made us product line up. Three prisoners brought a table and some medical instruments.We were told to roll up our go away over(p) sleeves and file past the table. The three veteran prisoners, needles in hand, tattooed flecks on our left arms. I became A-7713. From thusly on, I had no other name. (Wiesel 42) During the Holocaust, preoccupation plurality prisoners received tattoos only at one location, the Auschwitz concentration camp complex. Tattooing was introduced at Auschwitz in the autumn of 1941. As thousands of Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) arrived at the camp, and thousands rapidly died in that location, the SS government activity began to tattoo the prisoners for identification purposes.At Auschwitz II (Birkenau), the SS staff introduced the practice of tattooing in March 1942 to keep up with the identification of large numbers of prisoners who arrived sickened, and died quickly. The numbering abstract was divided into regular, AU, Z, EH, A, and B series. The regular series consisted of a consecutive numerical series that was used, in the early phase of the Auschwitz concentration camp, to identify Poles, Jews, and most other prisoners (all male). For many, the blurred blue lines of a serial number on a forearm are an indelible image of the Holocaust.The tattoos of the survivors have come to symbolize the utter brutality and of the concentration camps and the attempt of the Nazis to de tenderize their victims. Only those prisoners selected for work were issued serial numbers those prisoners sent directly to the gas chambers were not registered and received no tattoos. Initially, the SS authorities marked prisoners who were in the infirmary or who were to be kill with their camp serial number across the chest with indelible ink. As prisoners were execu ted or died in other ways, their clothing bearing the camp serial number was removed.Given the mortality rate at the camp and practice of removing clothing, there was no way to identify the bodies after the clothing was removed. Hence, the SS authorities introduced the practice of tattooing in order to identify the bodies of registered prisoners who had died. Originally, a special metal stamp, holding exchangeable numbers made up of needles approximately one centimeter long was used. This allowed the whole serial number to be punched at one blow onto the prisoners left upper chest. Ink was then rubbed into the bleeding wound.When the metal stamp method proved impractical, a single-needle device was introduced, which pierced the outlines of the serial-number digits onto the skin. The site of the tattoo was changed to the outer array of the left forearm. However, prisoners from several transports in 1943 had their numbers tattooed on the inner side of their left upper forearms. Tatt ooing was generally performed during registration when each prisoner was assigned a camp serial number. (Rosenthal) The tattoos given to each prisoner, not only inflicted pain, it took away their true identity.Instead of being treated exchangeable human beings, they were treated like objects, each with their own serial numbers. My family was taken away, my clothings were taken away, my bundles were taken away, but I had one more precious thing taken away. We all take it for granted, our names. Our beautiful names. Nessa Yalperi. I became prisoner 54,015 in the concentration camp of Stutthof. (Female survivor A) Along with the tattoos, divergent color stars on their jackets identified them. Each star made them stand out amongst the other prisoners (see figure 1).Prisoners were equired to wear color-coded triangles on their jackets so that the guards and officers of the camps could easily identify each persons background and pit the different groups against each other. Political pri soners, such as Communists, Socialists, and trade unionists wore red triangles. Common criminals wore green. Roma (Gypsies) and others the Germans considered asocial or shiftless wore black triangles. Jehovahs Witnesses wore purple and homosexuals pink. Letters indicated nationality for example, P stood for Polish, SU for Soviet Union, and F for French. (Kahan)Not only were they tattooed, but they were shaved as well. The hairs-breadth of the Jewish girls and ladies was shaved when they entered the camp. They were taken to the camp barber where all of their body hair, head to toe, was removed. The shaved parts were then rubbed by disinfectant. We were waiting for our numbers to be tattooed, and we stood in line. And of course I was frightened and I called for my mother, and I hear her voice in back of me, and by then her hair had been shaved, now all of her hair has been shaved, and I turned around and I looked for her and I couldnt recognize her because she was without hair. Femal e survivor B) Their heads were shaved so that the Nazis would know if the Jews belonged in the camps.We no longer looked human, with our emaciated bodies, sunken faces and shaved heads (Safran). The shaving of heads down to beam skin presented me with a problem since I had long hair in which was hidden He said himself that it would be a pity to do so because my hair was so pretty. As I found out later, they shaved heads not so much to prevent infestation as to collect the hair and use it in brush production. I was given a strip of dirty cloth with which to hide my hair.The shaving of womens heads disfigured them terribly. (Lutostanska) The Nazis wanted the Jewish females to disembodied spirit helpless and in a lower position, and they achieved this by buzzing off all of their hair. Not only were the prisoners in the Holocaust shaved and tattooed, they were beaten, and their possessions, such as their clothes, were taken away. As soon as we arrived in Shutoff, our little bundles we re taken away from us. They told us put it away, youll come back and take it later. My group of women was taken into a very large room where we were told to strip completely naked.It was a very traumatizing experience for a child of 16 (Female survivor A). Uh, we stood in line there uh, a, a Jewish prisoner, he was I think from Germany who was there for a long time held a, a speech to usthere were a couple SS rest next to himthat anyone who has got any valuables, gold, silver, any kind of jewelry, this is the time to bring it out and give it up right now. He said uh, yesterday seventeen concourse have lost their lives from not handing in their valuables. If youve got it in your shoes or wherever you had it hidden uh, this is the time, youre last chance to give it up.A number of people stepped forward, gave up. Most of us didnt have anything. And uh, that started the life of Auschwitz. (Kahan) Each prisoner was forced to give up the belongings they had on them, and the clothes on their backs. They were confused and dehumanized, forced to strip in front of one another. We were given clothes that were probably recycled, taken off of a corpse and just given to us. And then we were expected to die too, so then they would take the clothes and give it to someone else. In other words, the clothes were much more valuable than human beings (Female survivor B).The beloved objects that we had carried with us from place to place were now left behind in the wagon (Wiesel 29). Around five oclock in the morning, we were expelled from the barrack. The Kapos were beating us again, but I no longer felt the pain. We were naked, holding our shoes and belts. An order Run As we ran, they threw the clothes at us pants, jackets, shirts (Wiesel 36). The Nazis, standing around us, beating upon us, chasing us from one end of the room to the other (Female survivor A).Along with all of this, they were separated from their loved ones (see figure 3). abutting thing, one man, the po int of the thumb to the right, to the left. My brother was sent to the mens camp, my mom, who was at that time 46, she was sent to the left. I found myself at the age of 16 all alone (Female survivor B). Families were beaten and killed in the concentration camps. Prisoners in the concentration camps were treated with much disrespect. As Jewish families were sent to Nazi concentration camps and separated, the survival of small children was nearly non-existent.Most were sent straight to gas chambers or shot in front of ditches dug for mass graves. erstwhile(a) children survived by being forced into hard labor, and some children were selected for medical experiments, especially twins. Along with children, older men and women were mistreated. Women were raped and beaten by Nazis in the camps, and men were forced to work. The Holocaust, an event that displayed mass murder and mistreated prisoners, is remembered by horrifying stories of those who survived these tragic events.The German N azis wanted to control, abate and deliberately hurt Jews, along with Gypsies, homosexuals and the disabled. Also, Poles, Russians, communists, socialists, Jehovah Witnesses and others were victims of the Holocaust. In politics theres absolutely nothing new. Again, out of impatience I feel myself beginning to fall into drab There is really no way out of this for us (Sierakowiak). The lives of many people were destroyed because of the horrors they faced. The way they were treated was inhumane, and their individual experiences should never be forgotten.

Thursday, June 6, 2019

Pride and Prejudice Passage Analysis Essay Example for Free

Pride and Prejudice Passage Analysis EssayJane Austen resolves the novel while using particular writing style and proficiency to reinforce the characters of Elizabeth, Georgiana, and Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Elizabeths strong-willed character is emphasized when Austen subtly contrasts her against Georgianas shy one she uses Georgiana as a foil character for Elizabeth, and frailness versa. Elizabeths strong opinions, quick wit, and lively, sportive, manner of conversing with Darcy astonish Georgiana.Austens use of the phrase lively, sportive, manner gives the sentence a more vigorous and energetic feel, which reflects the personality of the conversation. Apart from her wit, Elizabeths sensibility is also shown with she persuades Darcy to seek reconciliation with his aunt. While several members of her family might have been happy to begrudge Lady de Bourgh, Austen reinforces Elizabeths parole and sensibility by emphasizing that she has risen above some of the poor behaviour th at she has grown up with.In terms of Georgiana, Austen maintains her character as an exonerated and shy girl. She brings up the fact that Georgiana is more than ten years younger than Darcy, and contrasts her somewhat introverted personality with Elizabeths strong-willed and confident one. Lastly, her youth and naivety is emphasized when Austen chooses to say she was influenced by Elizabeths instruction. In terms of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Austen emphasizes her class-snobbery and haughtiness with her satirical (and quite comedic) choice of words, saying that Elizabeth and her relatives had polluted Pemberley.Her bossiness and demand to be in control of everything causes her to write an angry letter to Darcy, since he and Elizabeth ignored her objections. The entire ending can be contrasted to the start of the book, which outlined the sad marriage of the Bennets. It seems that Elizabeth, who marries Darcy out of love, will enjoy a much happier marriage than Lydia, who married fo r passion, as well as Charlotte, who married for financial stability.

Wednesday, June 5, 2019

Internationalization of Asian Multinational Enterprises

multinationalisation of Asiatic multinational EnterprisesINTRODUCTIONBackground transnationalisation peck be delimitate as the desire to be a member of the planetary society by satisfying a certain standard, or strengthening the bewitch of a nation on former(a) nations. It becomes the address where multinational enterprise (MNE) engaging, it is very spellant for these companies to penetrate external commercialize if they lack to be accepted and remain successful. (Sreenivasan Jayashree and Sahal Ali Al-Marwai). The transnationalization turn helps MNEs in maturate their operation in external securities industry and enhance their agonistic position abroad. accord to Hedman (1993), three main alternatives for distributing the enterprises product exist, that is, in local anaestheticise export, direct export and alternatives to export. When distributing indirectly, the different distribution activities ar assigned to one or several intermediaries in the kinfolk mark et. When distributing directly, the producer itself look ats the distribution activities, much(prenominal) as distribution to a strange importer, which in his shimmer forward the products to almost other intermediary or the end customer. (Molnar, 1990) the tercet alternative, alternatives to export, plenty come to consecrate done, for instance, own production in the target rural, or licensing (Hedman, 1993).The speedy changes in todays dividing line world call for new-fashioned moulds of internationalisation (Fillis, 2001 Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006), peculiarly to be able to capture the early phase of internationalisation in a come apart manner than the traditional object lessons (Johanson and Vahlne, 2003). In contemporary enquiry, Coviello and McAuley (1999), in line with Leonidou and Katsikeas (1996), excite pointed at three theory directions that are preferable for studying internationalisation, namely Foreign Direct investiture (FDI)-theories (a.k.a., the theory of the Multinational Firm), level models and Network theory. Even though these are different theory directions, they are seen to be antonymous find come ins where a combination of views is like since it is knockout to capture the internationalization concept using only one theoretical framework (Bell et al., 2003 Bjrkman and Forsgren, 2000 Coviello and Munro, 1997 Meyer and Skak, 2002). Network theory is change magnitudely being combined with point in time theory in tramp to control and explain the rapid internationalization of the pixilated (in Bell et al., 2003 Johanson and Vahlne, 1990, 2003 Meyer and Skak, 2002).The process of internationalization has been the issue of widespread theoretical and empirical seek (for example, Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul 1975 Johanson and Vahlne 1977 Bil fall upon 1978 Cavusgil 1980 Turnbull 1987 Welch and Loustarinen 1988) and finds a widely distributed acceptance in the literature (Bradley 1991 Buckley and Ghauri 1993 Leoni dou and Katsikeas 1996). The internationalization process is described as a delaying development taking place in distinct stages (Melin 1992). internationalisation processes in emerging markets, as in international markets in general, paying back place in a stepwise manner (Jansson, 2007). Companies hope themselves by dint of a gradual leading process. Learning is additive and takes place by doing. Firms give away slightly doing parentage abroad, for example, learning about the conditions in circumstance markets. Companies tend maiden to establish themselves in geographically and culturally proximate markets and increase their lading, commencement with agents, and passing through with(predicate) sales companies to manufacturing companies (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977 Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975).Within the last decades, the fear world has changed drastically through globalization and internationalization creating a new and fierce business environment for compan ies. We quarter now see a third wave of internationalization of firms in which companies domiciled in mature Western markets establish themselves on a large musical scale in emerging markets much(prenominal) as Central and easterly Europe (CEE), Russia, China and India (Jansson, 2007).A new phenomena of firm from Asian capital exportation countries were internationalizing and multinationalizing their business activities and have emerged or are emerging as Asian multinational enterprises ( humanness Bank, 1993). They started the internationalizing activities and investing and setting up operation in other countries since mid-1980. enquiry stake which focus on these Asian enterprises and their direct enthronization funds activities come on in recent years (Ting, 1985 Ulagado et al., 1994 Yeung 1994, 1997). Foreign direct coronation (FDI) started on the early 1980s. check to studies done by Lall, 1983Well, 1983 Kumar and McLeod, 1981 Khan, 1986 Monkiewicz, 1986 Aggarwal and Ag mon,1990 Tolentino, 1993, FDI of Third World multinational enterprises (TWMNEs), pretty different with the traditional MNEs from the westbound develop countries in term of their characteristic. The growth of East Asia (World Bank, 1993) in late 1980 and early 1990, has increased intra-regional direct investing. The directed investment process from Japan , followed by Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Sin scissureore and the activities transferring from one level of economies to another in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand has been picture as wild flying geese pattern. (Toh and Low,1994 Guisinger, 1991). As a result, these Asian capital exporting countries firm internationalizing and multinationalizing their business activities and have emerged or are emerging as Asian multinational enterprises (World Bank, 1993).Problem StatementDuring these extremely agonistic quantify, the international business environment is one that is normally full of immense suspicion, volatility as well as a high rate of ruin when it comes to international expansion The research on the nature, organization and operations of these emerging Asian international and multinational enterprises are limited. This is because research in international business and flip-flop has been dependent largely upon economistic and western-centric theories developed predominantly in industrial and institutional economic science (Buckley and Casson, 1985 Dunning, 1988, 1993). A study visualizen internationalization is the crucial factor for a firm to grow and develop economically and expertly (Syed Zamberi Ahmad and Fariza Hashim, 2007). Hence, it is very important for multinational companies to conduct a comprehensive examination of the various important factors that could act upon the type of strategy that is to be selected for international market introduction.1.3 ObjectivesThis research is dedicated to all local Malaysian companies who are looking at ways and meat to internationalize their ope rations to a inappropriate market and would be of tremendous assistance to them in determining the correct strategic path and improve the intellectual of the Asian MNEs characteristic.1.4 Research QuestionAccording to the problem statement above, the author has formulated any(prenominal) question to meet the research objective. The questions areWhat are the key characteristics and success of their foreign ventures?What are the motives for internationalization?What are the insertion strategies?What are the strategic advantages and traits?Research ContributionG everyplacenment Through this study, government can state out some government policy to lead to a greater extent firm success in their international proses in expanding their business.Firms This study provides information to provide better understand characteristic and strategy for the purpose of internationalization which can increase the net dinero of the firm.Economic This study enable economist to better understand how development of economic on a ground can help MNEs in their internationalization process.1.6 SummaryThis study proposal consists 3 chapters. Chapter 1 provides the overview of the recent phenomena of internationalization, the problem statement, objectives, and question. Chapter 2 displays literature review by past research, followed by concept and theories, and research framework. Chapter 3 describes the research methodology, sampling technique, data collection, data outline and research planning that use to analysis the finding in Chapter 4.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE go off2.1 IntroductionThis chapter reviews the past studies about the concept and theory which take internationalization process, innovation notes and process, eclectic explanation, foreign direct investment, regional and global internationalization processes, Uppsala model and Asian context. After that it follows by the research framework.2.2 Concept and guess2.2.1 Internationalization processesInternationalization pro cesses in emerging markets, as in international markets in general, take place in a stepwise manner (Jansson, 2007). Companies commit themselves through a gradual learning process. Learning is incremental and takes place by doing. Firms learn about doing business abroad, for example, learning about the conditions in contingent markets. Companies tend firstly to establish themselves in geographically and culturally proximate markets and increase their commitment, starting with agents, and passing through sales companies to manufacturing companies (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977 Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975). Research on the exports of in the first place North American companies has reached similar results (Bilkey, 1978 Cavusgil, 1980 Czinkota, 1982 Reid, 1981). Such process theories are highly useful oddly when studying international 66 H. Jansson, S. Sandberg / Journal of International prudence 14 (2008) 6577 business in CEE. Learning processes are essential since the phoner needs to adapt to an emerging and different business context, such as exists in the CEE (Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006).As noted by Sharma and Blomstermo (2003b) a basic assumption in internationalization process theory is that experience accumulation is nonstop and dependent upon the duration of foreign operations. The longer firms have been bear ond in foreign operations, the to a greater extent than noesis they accumulate about such operations. There is a relationship surrounded by intimacy accumulation and risk so that the more knowledge a firm has, the less uncertain they perceive the foreign market to be. Firms that lack knowledge about foreign markets even tend to overestimate risks. This corresponds to what Jansson (1989) found concerning make-up processes in a regional perspective, namely that the pace of investments in atomic exit 16east Asian countries accelerated, the more see the firms became in an area. Johanson and Vahlne (1990) stated that Uppsala model of inte rnationalization indicated firms demote an evolutionary process in internationalizing through a serial of evolutionary stage.2.2.2 Entry nodes and entry processesFirms entering emerging markets face several barriers according to Meyer (2001). These barriers include a lack of information, unclear regulations and corruption. According to traditional research on internationalization processes, market entries either take place through intermediaries such as agents or distributors or through a firms own spokesperson in the exporting/importing country, in general a subsidiary.In terms of research in this area, scholars have found that relationships are at the core of the internationalization process (Axelsson and Johanson, 1992 Ford, 2002 Hkansson, 1982 Hkansson and Snehota, 1995 Hammarkvist et al., 1982 Jansson, 1994, 2007 Johanson and Vahlne, 2003 Majkgrd and Sharma, 1998).According to the profits approach to internationalization, entries into local market networks take place thro ugh establishing relationships. The international marketing and purchasing of products and know-how through a direct exporter/importer network means that a tumid network in the exporting region (e.g. a suppliers supplier network) is indirectly connected to another vertical network in the importing region (e.g. a buyers buyer network). This large vertical network will, in turn, be embedded in other regional and national networks, such as a financial network (Jansson, 2006, 2007).From a network perspective, establishment points in foreign market networks are defined as entry nodes. There are various routes into these networks, or nodes by which a firm can enter a network. Entries through trade either take place H. Jansson, S. Sandberg / Journal of International Management 14 (2008) 6577 67 directly with customers or indirectly through intermediaries. Direct relationships, dyads, can be open between buyer and seller in the several(prenominal) countries. Indirect relationships, triad s, involve an outside party or other type of entry node, usually an intermediary such as an agent, dealer or distributor. Dyads can in any case be ceremonious through the entry mode FDI (a subsidiary in the importing country).Entry processes take place by building relationships to form networks in foreign markets. Irrespective of entry node, the development of international buyer/seller relationships tends to follow a five stage pattern (Ford, 1980, 2002 Ford et al., 1998). Each stage of the entry process can be described by a number of relationship factors, such as how the experience, commitment and alterations of the parties increase across the stages and how the distance and uncertainty between them are reduced across the stages.The first stage includes the taking-up of marketing/purchasing activities before a formal relationship begins. The succeeding(a) three stages show how direct buyerseller relationships within networks are established from their beginning and to their d eepening. Experience indicates the amount of experience the respective parties have with each other. They will evaluate their partners commitment to the relationship, e.g. by the willingness to make adaptations. Distance is multifaceted and it can be split into social, cultural, technological, time and geographic distance. Uncertainty deals with the fact that at the initial stages, it is difficult to assess the potential rewards and personifys of the relationship. In the fifth and utmost stage, the relationship is extensively institutionalized and habitual, with commitment being taken for granted.Based on Terpstra and Sarathy, 1991 and Baek, 2003, stick ventures with host governments and local partners in the host country were among the preferred entry strategies for international operational operation. Petronas in South Africa entered into a commercial alliance with Engen in 1996 as a strategic partner. The acquisition was to enable some(prenominal) companies to implement a sh ared growth strategy in Africa and the Indian Ocean Rim, sequence allowing the development of potential operational synergies between the two business entities (Padayachee and Valodia, 2002).2.2.3 eclectic ExplanationEclectic Paradigm is a proverbial known explanation of international production.Dunnings (1977, 1988, 1993, 1995). Eclectic Paradigm stated that the extent and pattern of international production is determined by1) Ownership advantages (for example, proprietary engine room, products, expertise and skill)2) Internalization advantages (for example, transaction be reduction, maximize economic return), and3) locating advantages of host and home countriesThese OLI (Ownership Location Internalization) variables listed above explain the reason internationalization occurs but overlook the dynamic process of internationalization. The Eclectic paradigm is provided by the Investment Development Path (Dunning, 1981, 1986) with a dynamic dimension, and relates the net outwards investment of a country to its stage of economic development. five dollar bill stages of IDP ( Investment Development Path) deliver 1 At low level of economic development, there is little interior or outward investments.Stage 2 Inward investment becomes captivating, especially in import substitution projects as the country develops. Some outward investment may take place in neighborly countries which at lower stages of development. Most evolution countries with some outward investments are at this stage.Stage 3 With economic development roleplay forward, net inward investment declines while outward investment increases (relative to inward investment). Increasing of outward investment may take place in countries at lower IDP stages in pronounce to overcome cost disadvantages in labour intensive industries and also to seek markets or strategic assets. capital of Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea are said to be at this stage.Stage 4 As production being multinationalized, net outw ard investment becomes positive. Most developed countries are at this stage.Stage 5 The shift from advantages based more on factor endownment to those based on internalizing international market convergent outward and inward investment flows.Empirical research on Third World (including Asian) multinationals has given general support to the IDP concept (Dunning, 1986 Tolentino, 1993 Dunning Narula, 1996 Lall, 1996). Dunning and Narula (1996) acknowledge that country factors may influence the IDP pattern of a country, such as alternative endownment, home market size, industrialization strategy, government policy, and the organization of economic activities. TWMNEs were smaller than their counterparts from developed countries and have limited number of overseas operations. The agonistical advantages of TWMNEs were based on cost advantages ( specially labour cost) and greater responsiveness to host country needs which is different from western MNEs. They served market niches which wer e not covered by the traditional MNEs and so were not in direct competition with them. The major motivation for these FDI was protecting export markets or else than exploiting rent from proprietary technological know-how (or other ownership particular proposition advantages characteristic of western MNEs) explained in theories, such as the eclectic paradigm of Dunning (1977, 1995). TWMNEs possessed first or second generation labour-intensive technologies and produced standardized products mainly for the domestic host country market which at stage 4 of IDP. Wells (1983) presupposes a pecking order hypothesis to suggest that the TWMNEs technologies could fill the technological gap between the advanced engine room of developed country MNEs and the rudimentary technology of less developed countries (LDCs) in a pecking down order. Lall (1983) emphasized the flexibility and adaptability of TWMNEs technologies to be more suitable or appropriate to LDC situations.2.2.4 Foreign Direct Inve stment (FDI)It may seem surprising that there is significant number of foreign direct investments by some firms from ontogeny countries because it is usually credited to more developed countries. A number of studies indicate that FDI flows not only from the industrialized or well-developed countries, as well as developing countries. Scholars such as Lecraw (1981, 1993), Wells (1977, 1981), Lall (1983a, and 1983b), Kumar and Lim (1984), Ulgado et. al., (1994) are only some of those who have carried out empirical studies and researched FDI flows from developing country firms in the 1970s and 1980s. Comparisons between the nature of international expansion of firms from developing countries and the nature of those corporations that originated from developed countries are made in most of these studies (Dunning, 1986 Vernon-Wortzel and Wortzel, 1988). In general, it has been depicted that the competitive advantages of MNCs from developed country are derived from advanced proprietary te chnology or other master key resources (Yeung, 1994). While ability to reduce costs of imported technology through de-scaled manufacturing or smaller scale of production is focus of the competitive advantage from developing country MNCs were derived from their This is a process whereby technologies from industrialised countries are fit to suit smaller markets by reducing scale, replacing machinery with manual labour, and relying on local inputs (Ramamurti, 2004).outward-bound direct investment from developing countries started to grow rapidly to a sizeable magnitude during the mid-1980. This became the main tool of developing country multinationals in demanding that their constituent firms desexualise for the drastically international competition that they were about to face(Kumar, 1996, 1997). The emergence of new technologies in the late 1980s somehow decreases the interest in outward direct investment from developing countries subsided (Kumar, 1996 Oh et. al., 1998 Pananond an d Zeithaml, 1998 van Hoesel, 1999). Pananond and Zeithaml(1998) and van Hoesel(1999) recounted that aggregate analyses of developing country MNEs conducted at the industry level get attention from scholars and yielded interesting results by the early 1990s. They conclude that there were marked differences in characteristics between developing country MNEs in the 1980s and 1990s. Scholars posited that these two groups of MNEs belonged to two different waves of development in term of their respective historical backgrounds, nature of businesses, extent of the function of government in operations and transactions, geographical direction, and mode of internationalisation activity. MNEs in the 1980s are more concern with cost competitiveness with their competitors (van Hoesel, 1999). In contrast, developing country MNEs in the 1990s placed greater emphasis on the development and reset business strategies referable to the dynamic changing patterns of world business structure brought a bout by trade liberalisation and economic globalisation (Dunning et al., 1997). Besides this, they put more causal agent on technological competence as the source of competitive advantage (Pananond and Zeithmal, 1998). They noted that notwithstanding these differences, there existed several significant inter related to points of convergence between the two groups (Dunning et al., 1997 van Hoesel, 1999).2.1.5 Regional and global internationalization processesIn analyzing the early internationalization steps of smaller and less experienced companies, the internationalization process model by Johanson and Vahlne (1977) is regarded as a highly useful tool. In internationalization research, fewer studies have been conducted on higher level internationalization where companies are established in several countries and have fully-owned businesses (Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006). The more countries in a region a firm exports to, the more extensive is the regional internationalization process. Th e more regions a firm exports to, the more global is the internationalization process.New stages of internationalization are established when a firm extends its business from one major type of market to another or from one type of foreign environment to another. The main factor behind these stages is experiential knowledge, meaning that firms gradually build a knowledge base through operating in foreign markets. They learn from past experience by transforming this experience to useful knowledge. There are three types of such knowledge (Eriksson et al., 1997). Internationalization knowledge about how to perform international operations is an expression of a firms current stock of knowledge in the form of its resources and capabilities. The more novel the foreign environment, the more difficult it is for the firm to give its current stock of knowledge to that foreign market. This means that there is a gap between a firms present internationalization knowledge and the knowledge the conjunction has about how to do business in the specific foreign market, i.e. concerning its network experiential knowledge and institutional knowledge (Blomstermo et al., 2004).Based on a firms experiential knowledge process, internationalization processes are often divided into different degrees of internationalization. Johanson and Mattsson (1991) discuss the internationalization process for firms with various degrees of internationalization and propose that the process is mainly well-grounded during the early stages of a firms internationalization inexperienced firms tend to follow a traditionally ho-hum and gradual pattern, while the internationalization of a more experienced company is less slow and gradual.2.2.6 Uppsala modelThe Uppsala model (Johanson Weidersheim-Paul, 1975 Johanson Vahlne, 1977) provides an explanation of the dynamic process of internationalization of individual firms. The Uppsala model emphasize on the importance of gaining knowledge and experience abou t the characteristics of foreign markets along the internationalisation path, and helps MNEs reduced risks and levels of uncertainty in unfamiliar foreign environments before investing (Wiedersheim-Paul et al., 1978).The successive steps of increasing highly commitment are based on knowledge acquisition. Foreign activities started with export to foreign country through independent representative or agent, aft(prenominal) that establish sales subsidiary and finally start production in the host country. The internationalization of the firm across many foreign markets was particularly related to psychic distance which included differences in language, education, business practices, culture and industrial development. Firstly, enter foreign market which closer in term of psychic distance, followed by subsequent entries in markets with greater psychic distances. Same goes to entry mode of foreign market. The incremental expansion of market commitment meant that the initial entry was ty pically some form of low commitment mode and followed by progressively higher levels of commitment. Obviously, commitment of the level of ownership in different markets was correlated with their psychic distance. The Uppsala model had received general support in empirical research (Welch and Loustarinen, 1988 Davidson, 1980, 1983 Erramilli et al., 1999) and its largely splanchnic nature and evolutionary learning perspective made it attractive as an explanatory model.A related view regards learning was that TWMNEs built up their advantages through the accumulation of technology and skills. Lall (1983) emphasized on the localization and adaptation of technology to suit local markets by TWMNEs. Tolentino (1993) foc employ in term of the accumulation of technological competence in the expansion of firms from developing countries which was consistent with the resource-based view of building competitive advantage in strategic management. The accumulation of knowledge and competence espec ially its knowledge of developing markets and not so much its technology by the CP multitude in Thailand was the key to its internationalization. There are also differences between the CP Group and Western MNEs (Pananond and Zeithaml, 1998). Mathews (2002, 2006) postulated that emerging firms could foster internationalization via leverage of their contractual linkages with other foreign firms to acquire resources and learning new capabilities. He indicated that this explanation complemented the OLI framework and could be employ to explain the rise of such latecomer firms which he dubbed as Dragon multinationals.2.2.7 Asian ContextYeung (1999) Zutshi Gibbons (1989) portrayed that western theories on internationalization have send away the active role played by the state and lose the institutional or contextual perspective in the internationalization of Asian. Asians state ceaselessly plays a direct and active role in the internationalization of its MNEs. For example, the Singap ore government played a key and direct role in the promotion of outward FDI (e.g., growth triangles, industrial parks in foreign countries), particularly from the early 1990s in its regionalization programs (Pang, 1994 Tan, 1995 ESCAP/UNCTAD, 1997). Incentives and other programs for instance tax incentives, finance schemes, training also provided to foster the rapid development of local entrepreneurship in the regionalization efforts. In Malaysia, the government took a very active role in promoting the internationalization of Malaysian firms. Investment promotion missions abroad were organized and often lead by the Prime Minister. The government provided incentives including tax abatement in 1991 and subsequently full tax prerogative in 1995 for income earned overseas and remitted back to Malaysia. An overseas investment guarantee program was instituted. Malaysian government instructed firms to defer non-essential overseas investment in order to reduce the impact of the effects of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In the Asian context, the state has played a very active and direct role in promoting the internationalization of its national firms. This is much different with the western context, where the role of the state is benign and indirect.2.3 SummaryThis chapter first discussed the internationalization process in terms of entry notes and process, eclectic explanation, foreign direct investment, regional and global internationalization processes, Uppsala model and Asian context. The following chapter discusses the research method, see development, and sample selectionCHAPTER 3methodological analysis3.1 IntroductionThis chapter provides an overview of the research method. It starts by explaining the appropriateness of the research method. because discusses the research design which consists of seven steps questionnaire development, literature review, proposal, data collection, data analysis, discussion and conclusion, and write-up. next the data collecti on and sample selection is discussed with reasons for each of the decisions involved. The next section discusses the statistical methods. Lastly, a Gantt chart will be use to estimate the times use in each activity.3.2 Sampling TechniqueA case study approach will be using in this paper. It tends to provide in depth information and intimate details about the particular case being studied. This approach was used to collect comprehensive and holistic data (Eisenhardt, 1989 Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Asian MNEs 491 Yin, 1994) about firms that have internationalized their operations over time. The focus here is on MNEs from Malaysia (a fast developing country).Case studies mean that the research investigates few objects in many respects (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Case studies are most suitable if you like to get a detailed understanding about different kinds of process (Lekvall Wahlbin, 1987). The researches may, for instance, choose a line of business and an enterprise, and conduct an in depth investigation (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Yin (1994) states, that when the form of the questions is why and how, the case study strategy is most in all probability to be appropriate.The research problem I have investigated was how the internationalisation process of a MNEs when entering to foreign market can be characterised , which was divided into four-spot research questions.3.3 Data Collection3.3.1 Secondary dataEriksson Wiedersheim-Paul (1997) points out that secondary data is data, which already has been collected by someone else, for another purpose. Statistics, and reports issued by governments , trade associations, and so on, are some sources of secondary data (Chisnall, 1997). The yearly report and the enterprises homepage, are another sources of secondary data (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Secondary data research should always be carried out before doing any field survey (Chisnall, 1991).When I had defined the researc h area, I started to search for relevant literature. The databases that I have used to find relevant literature are EBSCOhost, Science Direct, Libris, ABI/INFORM, and Helecon. The keywords used when searching the databases were international business, Malaysian MNEs, internationalization, strategies, mode of entry. These words were combined in different ways, to tap the number of hits.3.3.2 Primary dInternationalization of Asian Multinational EnterprisesInternationalization of Asian Multinational EnterprisesINTRODUCTIONBackgroundInternationalization can be defined as the desire to be a member of the international society by satisfying a certain standard, or strengthening the influence of a nation on other nations. It becomes the process where multinational enterprise (MNE) engaging, it is very important for these companies to penetrate international market if they want to be accepted and remain successful. (Sreenivasan Jayashree and Sahal Ali Al-Marwai). The internationalization p rocess helps MNEs in maturate their operation in foreign market and enhance their competitive position abroad.According to Hedman (1993), three main alternatives for distributing the enterprises product exist, that is, indirect export, direct export and alternatives to export. When distributing indirectly, the different distribution activities are assigned to one or several intermediaries in the home market. When distributing directly, the producer itself conducts the distribution activities, such as distribution to a foreign importer, which in his turn forward the products to another intermediary or the end customer. (Molnar, 1990) the third alternative, alternatives to export, can take place through, for instance, own production in the target country, or licensing (Hedman, 1993).The rapid changes in todays business world call for new models of internationalization (Fillis, 2001 Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006), especially to be able to capture the early phase of internationalization in a better manner than the traditional models (Johanson and Vahlne, 2003). In contemporary research, Coviello and McAuley (1999), in line with Leonidou and Katsikeas (1996), have pointed at three theory directions that are preferable for studying internationalization, namely Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)-theories (a.k.a., the theory of the Multinational Firm), Stage models and Network theory. Even though these are different theory directions, they are seen to be complementary views where a combination of views is preferred since it is difficult to capture the internationalization concept using only one theoretical framework (Bell et al., 2003 Bjrkman and Forsgren, 2000 Coviello and Munro, 1997 Meyer and Skak, 2002). Network theory is progressively being combined with stage theory in order to understand and explain the rapid internationalization of the firm (in Bell et al., 2003 Johanson and Vahlne, 1990, 2003 Meyer and Skak, 2002).The process of internationalization has been the subj ect of widespread theoretical and empirical research (for example, Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul 1975 Johanson and Vahlne 1977 Bilkey 1978 Cavusgil 1980 Turnbull 1987 Welch and Loustarinen 1988) and finds a general acceptance in the literature (Bradley 1991 Buckley and Ghauri 1993 Leonidou and Katsikeas 1996). The internationalization process is described as a gradual development taking place in distinct stages (Melin 1992).Internationalization processes in emerging markets, as in international markets in general, take place in a stepwise manner (Jansson, 2007). Companies commit themselves through a gradual learning process. Learning is incremental and takes place by doing. Firms learn about doing business abroad, for example, learning about the conditions in particular markets. Companies tend first to establish themselves in geographically and culturally proximate markets and increase their commitment, starting with agents, and passing through sales companies to manufacturing compa nies (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977 Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975).Within the last decades, the business world has changed drastically through globalization and internationalization creating a new and fierce business environment for companies. We can now see a third wave of internationalization of firms in which companies domiciled in mature Western markets establish themselves on a large scale in emerging markets such as Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), Russia, China and India (Jansson, 2007).A recent phenomena of firm from Asian capital exporting countries were internationalizing and multinationalizing their business activities and have emerged or are emerging as Asian multinational enterprises (World Bank, 1993). They started the internationalizing activities and investing and setting up operation in other countries since mid-1980. Research interest which focus on these Asian enterprises and their direct investment activities arise in recent years (Ting, 1985 Ulagado et al., 1 994 Yeung 1994, 1997). Foreign direct investment (FDI) started on the early 1980s. According to studies done by Lall, 1983Well, 1983 Kumar and McLeod, 1981 Khan, 1986 Monkiewicz, 1986 Aggarwal and Agmon,1990 Tolentino, 1993, FDI of Third World multinational enterprises (TWMNEs), slightly different with the traditional MNEs from the western developed countries in term of their characteristic. The growth of East Asia (World Bank, 1993) in late 1980 and early 1990, has increased intra-regional direct investment. The directed investment process from Japan , followed by Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore and the activities transferring from one level of economies to another in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand has been depicted as wild flying geese pattern. (Toh and Low,1994 Guisinger, 1991). As a result, these Asian capital exporting countries firm internationalizing and multinationalizing their business activities and have emerged or are emerging as Asian multinational enterprises ( World Bank, 1993).Problem StatementDuring these extremely competitive times, the international business environment is one that is normally full of immense uncertainty, volatility as well as a high rate of failure when it comes to international expansion The research on the nature, organization and operations of these emerging Asian international and multinational enterprises are limited. This is because research in international business and trade has been dependent largely upon economistic and western-centric theories developed predominantly in industrial and institutional economics (Buckley and Casson, 1985 Dunning, 1988, 1993). A study shown internationalization is the crucial factor for a firm to grow and develop economically and technologically (Syed Zamberi Ahmad and Fariza Hashim, 2007). Hence, it is very important for multinational companies to conduct a comprehensive examination of the various important factors that could influence the type of strategy that is to be select ed for international market entry.1.3 ObjectivesThis research is dedicated to all local Malaysian companies who are looking at ways and means to internationalize their operations to a foreign market and would be of tremendous assistance to them in determining the correct strategic path and improve the understanding of the Asian MNEs characteristic.1.4 Research QuestionAccording to the problem statement above, the author has formulated some question to meet the research objective. The questions areWhat are the key characteristics and success of their foreign ventures?What are the motives for internationalization?What are the entry strategies?What are the strategic advantages and traits?Research ContributionGovernment Through this study, government can carry out some government policy to lead more firm success in their international proses in expanding their business.Firms This study provides information to provide better understand characteristic and strategy for the purpose of inter nationalization which can increase the net profit of the firm.Economic This study enable economist to better understand how development of economic on a country can help MNEs in their internationalization process.1.6 SummaryThis study proposal consists 3 chapters. Chapter 1 provides the overview of the recent phenomena of internationalization, the problem statement, objectives, and question. Chapter 2 displays literature review by past research, followed by concept and theories, and research framework. Chapter 3 describes the research methodology, sampling technique, data collection, data analysis and research planning that use to analysis the finding in Chapter 4.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter reviews the past studies about the concept and theory which included internationalization process, entry notes and process, eclectic explanation, foreign direct investment, regional and global internationalization processes, Uppsala model and Asian context. After that it follows by the research framework.2.2 Concept and Theory2.2.1 Internationalization processesInternationalization processes in emerging markets, as in international markets in general, take place in a stepwise manner (Jansson, 2007). Companies commit themselves through a gradual learning process. Learning is incremental and takes place by doing. Firms learn about doing business abroad, for example, learning about the conditions in particular markets. Companies tend first to establish themselves in geographically and culturally proximate markets and increase their commitment, starting with agents, and passing through sales companies to manufacturing companies (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977 Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975). Research on the exports of mainly North American companies has reached similar results (Bilkey, 1978 Cavusgil, 1980 Czinkota, 1982 Reid, 1981). Such process theories are highly useful especially when studying international 66 H. Jansson, S. Sandberg / Journal of International Management 14 (2008) 6577 business in CEE. Learning processes are essential since the company needs to adapt to an emerging and different business context, such as exists in the CEE (Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006).As noted by Sharma and Blomstermo (2003b) a basic assumption in internationalization process theory is that knowledge accumulation is continuous and dependent upon the duration of foreign operations. The longer firms have been involved in foreign operations, the more knowledge they accumulate about such operations. There is a relationship between knowledge accumulation and risk so that the more knowledge a firm has, the less uncertain they perceive the foreign market to be. Firms that lack knowledge about foreign markets even tend to overestimate risks. This corresponds to what Jansson (1989) found concerning establishment processes in a regional perspective, namely that the pace of investments in Southeast Asian countries accelerated, the more experienced the firm s became in an area. Johanson and Vahlne (1990) stated that Uppsala model of internationalization indicated firms reveal an evolutionary process in internationalizing through a series of evolutionary stage.2.2.2 Entry nodes and entry processesFirms entering emerging markets face several barriers according to Meyer (2001). These barriers include a lack of information, unclear regulations and corruption. According to traditional research on internationalization processes, market entries either take place through intermediaries such as agents or distributors or through a firms own representative in the exporting/importing country, mainly a subsidiary.In terms of research in this area, scholars have found that relationships are at the core of the internationalization process (Axelsson and Johanson, 1992 Ford, 2002 Hkansson, 1982 Hkansson and Snehota, 1995 Hammarkvist et al., 1982 Jansson, 1994, 2007 Johanson and Vahlne, 2003 Majkgrd and Sharma, 1998).According to the network approach to internationalization, entries into local market networks take place through establishing relationships. The international marketing and purchasing of products and know-how through a direct exporter/importer network means that a vertical network in the exporting region (e.g. a suppliers supplier network) is indirectly connected to another vertical network in the importing region (e.g. a buyers buyer network). This large vertical network will, in turn, be embedded in other regional and national networks, such as a financial network (Jansson, 2006, 2007).From a network perspective, establishment points in foreign market networks are defined as entry nodes. There are various routes into these networks, or nodes by which a firm can enter a network. Entries through trade either take place H. Jansson, S. Sandberg / Journal of International Management 14 (2008) 6577 67 directly with customers or indirectly through intermediaries. Direct relationships, dyads, can be established between buye r and seller in the respective countries. Indirect relationships, triads, involve an outside party or other type of entry node, usually an intermediary such as an agent, dealer or distributor. Dyads can also be established through the entry mode FDI (a subsidiary in the importing country).Entry processes take place by building relationships to form networks in foreign markets. Irrespective of entry node, the development of international buyer/seller relationships tends to follow a five stage pattern (Ford, 1980, 2002 Ford et al., 1998). Each stage of the entry process can be described by a number of relationship factors, such as how the experience, commitment and adaptations of the parties increase across the stages and how the distance and uncertainty between them are reduced across the stages.The first stage includes the taking-up of marketing/purchasing activities before a formal relationship begins. The next three stages show how direct buyerseller relationships within networks are established from their beginning and to their deepening. Experience indicates the amount of experience the respective parties have with each other. They will gauge their partners commitment to the relationship, e.g. by the willingness to make adaptations. Distance is multifaceted and it can be split into social, cultural, technological, time and geographic distance. Uncertainty deals with the fact that at the initial stages, it is difficult to assess the potential rewards and costs of the relationship. In the fifth and final stage, the relationship is extensively institutionalized and habitual, with commitment being taken for granted.Based on Terpstra and Sarathy, 1991 and Baek, 2003, joint ventures with host governments and local partners in the host country were among the preferred entry strategies for international operational operation. Petronas in South Africa entered into a commercial alliance with Engen in 1996 as a strategic partner. The acquisition was to enable both co mpanies to implement a shared growth strategy in Africa and the Indian Ocean Rim, while allowing the development of potential operational synergies between the two business entities (Padayachee and Valodia, 2002).2.2.3 Eclectic ExplanationEclectic Paradigm is a proverbial known explanation of international production.Dunnings (1977, 1988, 1993, 1995). Eclectic Paradigm stated that the extent and pattern of international production is determined by1) Ownership advantages (for example, proprietary technology, products, expertise and skill)2) Internalization advantages (for example, transaction costs reduction, maximize economic return), and3) Location advantages of host and home countriesThese OLI (Ownership Location Internalization) variables listed above explain the reason internationalization occurs but overlook the dynamic process of internationalization. The Eclectic paradigm is provided by the Investment Development Path (Dunning, 1981, 1986) with a dynamic dimension, and relate s the net outward investment of a country to its stage of economic development.Five stages of IDP ( Investment Development Path)Stage 1 At low level of economic development, there is little inward or outward investments.Stage 2 Inward investment becomes attractive, especially in import substitution projects as the country develops. Some outward investment may take place in neighborly countries which at lower stages of development. Most developing countries with some outward investments are at this stage.Stage 3 With economic development move forward, net inward investment declines while outward investment increases (relative to inward investment). Increasing of outward investment may take place in countries at lower IDP stages in order to overcome cost disadvantages in labour intensive industries and also to seek markets or strategic assets. Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea are said to be at this stage.Stage 4 As production being multinationalized, net outward investment becomes po sitive. Most developed countries are at this stage.Stage 5 The shift from advantages based more on factor endownment to those based on internalizing international market convergent outward and inward investment flows.Empirical research on Third World (including Asian) multinationals has given general support to the IDP concept (Dunning, 1986 Tolentino, 1993 Dunning Narula, 1996 Lall, 1996). Dunning and Narula (1996) acknowledge that country factors may influence the IDP pattern of a country, such as resource endownment, home market size, industrialization strategy, government policy, and the organization of economic activities. TWMNEs were smaller than their counterparts from developed countries and have limited number of overseas operations. The competitive advantages of TWMNEs were based on cost advantages (particularly labour cost) and greater responsiveness to host country needs which is different from western MNEs. They served market niches which were not covered by the traditi onal MNEs and so were not in direct competition with them. The major motivation for these FDI was protecting export markets rather than exploiting rent from proprietary technological know-how (or other ownership specific advantages characteristic of western MNEs) explained in theories, such as the eclectic paradigm of Dunning (1977, 1995). TWMNEs possessed first or second generation labour-intensive technologies and produced standardized products mainly for the domestic host country market which at stage 4 of IDP. Wells (1983) presupposes a pecking order hypothesis to suggest that the TWMNEs technologies could fill the technological gap between the advanced technology of developed country MNEs and the rudimentary technology of less developed countries (LDCs) in a pecking down order. Lall (1983) emphasized the flexibility and adaptability of TWMNEs technologies to be more suitable or appropriate to LDC situations.2.2.4 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)It may seem surprising that there is significant number of foreign direct investments by some firms from developing countries because it is usually credited to more developed countries. A number of studies indicate that FDI flows not only from the industrialized or well-developed countries, as well as developing countries. Scholars such as Lecraw (1981, 1993), Wells (1977, 1981), Lall (1983a, and 1983b), Kumar and Lim (1984), Ulgado et. al., (1994) are only some of those who have carried out empirical studies and researched FDI flows from developing country firms in the 1970s and 1980s. Comparisons between the nature of international expansion of firms from developing countries and the nature of those corporations that originated from developed countries are made in most of these studies (Dunning, 1986 Vernon-Wortzel and Wortzel, 1988). In general, it has been depicted that the competitive advantages of MNCs from developed country are derived from advanced proprietary technology or other superior resources (Yeung, 1 994). While ability to reduce costs of imported technology through de-scaled manufacturing or smaller scale of production is focus of the competitive advantage from developing country MNCs were derived from their This is a process whereby technologies from industrialised countries are adapted to suit smaller markets by reducing scale, replacing machinery with manual labour, and relying on local inputs (Ramamurti, 2004).Outward direct investment from developing countries started to grow rapidly to a sizeable magnitude during the mid-1980. This became the main tool of developing country multinationals in demanding that their constituent firms prepare for the drastically international competition that they were about to face(Kumar, 1996, 1997). The emergence of new technologies in the late 1980s somehow decreases the interest in outward direct investment from developing countries subsided (Kumar, 1996 Oh et. al., 1998 Pananond and Zeithaml, 1998 van Hoesel, 1999). Pananond and Zeithaml (1998) and van Hoesel(1999) recounted that aggregate analyses of developing country MNEs conducted at the industry level get attention from scholars and yielded interesting results by the early 1990s. They concluded that there were marked differences in characteristics between developing country MNEs in the 1980s and 1990s. Scholars posited that these two groups of MNEs belonged to two different waves of development in term of their respective historical backgrounds, nature of businesses, extent of the role of government in operations and transactions, geographical direction, and mode of internationalisation activity. MNEs in the 1980s are more concerned with cost competitiveness with their competitors (van Hoesel, 1999). In contrast, developing country MNEs in the 1990s placed greater emphasis on the development and reset business strategies due to the dynamic changing patterns of world business structure brought about by trade liberalisation and economic globalisation (Dunning et al., 1997). Besides this, they put more effort on technological competence as the source of competitive advantage (Pananond and Zeithmal, 1998). They noted that notwithstanding these differences, there existed several significant interrelated points of convergence between the two groups (Dunning et al., 1997 van Hoesel, 1999).2.1.5 Regional and global internationalization processesIn analyzing the early internationalization steps of smaller and less experienced companies, the internationalization process model by Johanson and Vahlne (1977) is regarded as a highly useful tool. In internationalization research, few studies have been conducted on higher level internationalization where companies are established in several countries and have fully-owned businesses (Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006). The more countries in a region a firm exports to, the more extensive is the regional internationalization process. The more regions a firm exports to, the more global is the internationalization proc ess.New stages of internationalization are established when a firm extends its business from one major type of market to another or from one type of foreign environment to another. The main factor behind these stages is experiential knowledge, meaning that firms gradually build a knowledge base through operating in foreign markets. They learn from past experience by transforming this experience to useful knowledge. There are three types of such knowledge (Eriksson et al., 1997). Internationalization knowledge about how to perform international operations is an expression of a firms current stock of knowledge in the form of its resources and capabilities. The more novel the foreign environment, the more difficult it is for the firm to apply its current stock of knowledge to that foreign market. This means that there is a gap between a firms present internationalization knowledge and the knowledge the company has about how to do business in the specific foreign market, i.e. concerning its network experiential knowledge and institutional knowledge (Blomstermo et al., 2004).Based on a firms experiential knowledge process, internationalization processes are often divided into different degrees of internationalization. Johanson and Mattsson (1991) discuss the internationalization process for firms with various degrees of internationalization and propose that the process is mainly valid during the early stages of a firms internationalization inexperienced firms tend to follow a traditionally slow and gradual pattern, while the internationalization of a more experienced company is less slow and gradual.2.2.6 Uppsala modelThe Uppsala model (Johanson Weidersheim-Paul, 1975 Johanson Vahlne, 1977) provides an explanation of the dynamic process of internationalization of individual firms. The Uppsala model emphasize on the importance of gaining knowledge and experience about the characteristics of foreign markets along the internationalisation path, and helps MNEs reduced risks and levels of uncertainty in unfamiliar foreign environments before investing (Wiedersheim-Paul et al., 1978).The successive steps of increasing highly commitment are based on knowledge acquisition. Foreign activities started with export to foreign country through independent representative or agent, after that establish sales subsidiary and finally start production in the host country. The internationalization of the firm across many foreign markets was particularly related to psychic distance which included differences in language, education, business practices, culture and industrial development. Firstly, enter foreign market which closer in term of psychic distance, followed by subsequent entries in markets with greater psychic distances. Same goes to entry mode of foreign market. The incremental expansion of market commitment meant that the initial entry was typically some form of low commitment mode and followed by progressively higher levels of commitment. Obviously, c ommitment of the level of ownership in different markets was correlated with their psychic distance. The Uppsala model had received general support in empirical research (Welch and Loustarinen, 1988 Davidson, 1980, 1983 Erramilli et al., 1999) and its largely intuitive nature and evolutionary learning perspective made it attractive as an explanatory model.A related view regards learning was that TWMNEs built up their advantages through the accumulation of technology and skills. Lall (1983) emphasized on the localization and adaptation of technology to suit local markets by TWMNEs. Tolentino (1993) focused in term of the accumulation of technological competence in the expansion of firms from developing countries which was consistent with the resource-based view of building competitive advantage in strategic management. The accumulation of knowledge and competence especially its knowledge of developing markets and not so much its technology by the CP Group in Thailand was the key to i ts internationalization. There are also differences between the CP Group and Western MNEs (Pananond and Zeithaml, 1998). Mathews (2002, 2006) postulated that emerging firms could foster internationalization via leverage of their contractual linkages with other foreign firms to acquire resources and learning new capabilities. He indicated that this explanation complemented the OLI framework and could be used to explain the rise of such latecomer firms which he dubbed as Dragon multinationals.2.2.7 Asian ContextYeung (1999) Zutshi Gibbons (1989) portrayed that western theories on internationalization have neglect the active role played by the state and overlooked the institutional or contextual perspective in the internationalization of Asian. Asians state always plays a direct and active role in the internationalization of its MNEs. For example, the Singapore government played a key and direct role in the promotion of outward FDI (e.g., growth triangles, industrial parks in foreign countries), particularly from the early 1990s in its regionalization programs (Pang, 1994 Tan, 1995 ESCAP/UNCTAD, 1997). Incentives and other programs for instance tax incentives, finance schemes, training also provided to foster the rapid development of local entrepreneurship in the regionalization efforts. In Malaysia, the government took a very active role in promoting the internationalization of Malaysian firms. Investment promotion missions abroad were organized and often lead by the Prime Minister. The government provided incentives including tax abatement in 1991 and subsequently full tax exemption in 1995 for income earned overseas and remitted back to Malaysia. An overseas investment guarantee program was instituted. Malaysian government instructed firms to defer non-essential overseas investment in order to reduce the impact of the effects of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In the Asian context, the state has played a very active and direct role in promoting the internati onalization of its national firms. This is much different with the western context, where the role of the state is benign and indirect.2.3 SummaryThis chapter first discussed the internationalization process in terms of entry notes and process, eclectic explanation, foreign direct investment, regional and global internationalization processes, Uppsala model and Asian context. The following chapter discusses the research method, survey development, and sample selectionCHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis chapter provides an overview of the research method. It starts by explaining the appropriateness of the research method. Then discusses the research design which consists of seven steps questionnaire development, literature review, proposal, data collection, data analysis, discussion and conclusion, and write-up. Next the data collection and sample selection is discussed with reasons for each of the decisions involved. The next section discusses the statistical methods. Lastly, a Gantt chart will be use to estimate the times use in each activity.3.2 Sampling TechniqueA case study approach will be using in this paper. It tends to provide in depth information and intimate details about the particular case being studied. This approach was used to collect comprehensive and holistic data (Eisenhardt, 1989 Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Asian MNEs 491 Yin, 1994) about firms that have internationalized their operations over time. The focus here is on MNEs from Malaysia (a fast developing country).Case studies mean that the research investigates few objects in many respects (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Case studies are most suitable if you like to get a detailed understanding about different kinds of process (Lekvall Wahlbin, 1987). The researches may, for instance, choose a line of business and an enterprise, and conduct an in depth investigation (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Yin (1994) states, that when the form of the questions is wh y and how, the case study strategy is most likely to be appropriate.The research problem I have investigated was how the internationalisation process of a MNEs when entering to foreign market can be characterised , which was divided into four research questions.3.3 Data Collection3.3.1 Secondary dataEriksson Wiedersheim-Paul (1997) points out that secondary data is data, which already has been collected by someone else, for another purpose. Statistics, and reports issued by governments , trade associations, and so on, are some sources of secondary data (Chisnall, 1997). The annual report and the enterprises homepage, are another sources of secondary data (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Secondary data research should always be carried out before doing any field survey (Chisnall, 1991).When I had defined the research area, I started to search for relevant literature. The databases that I have used to find relevant literature are EBSCOhost, Science Direct, Libris, ABI/INFORM, and Helecon. The keywords used when searching the databases were international business, Malaysian MNEs, internationalization, strategies, mode of entry. These words were combined in different ways, to maximise the number of hits.3.3.2 Primary d